DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY WORDSWORTH ZUYLESTEIN DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY SIDNEY LEE VOL. LXIII. WORDSWORTH ZUYLESTEIN LONDON SMITH, ELDER, & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE 1900 [A II rights reserved} DfY 18 D4- \$85 v.G3 THE DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY A STATISTICAL ACCOUNT THE present volume brings the ' Dictionary of National Biography ' to the end of the alphabet, and thus completes an undertaking of excep- tional magnitude in the history of publishing. The goal has been reached after eighteen years of unremitting labour, aijd, like travellers at the end of a long and difficult journey, those who are responsible for the design and execution of the Dictionary turn their thoughts instinctively on the conclusion of their task to the general features of the ground they have traversed and to some of the obstacles they have surmounted on the road. A detailed history of the enterprise is needless, for it has been conducted in the full light of day. But facts and figures are in accord with the spirit of the Dictionary, and a few facts and figures may be fittingly presented here by way of recalling the chief incidents in its progress and of indicating some of the statistical results which a survey of the completed work suggests. The ' Dictionary of National Biography ' owes its existence to Mr. George M. Smith, of Smith, Elder, & Co. In 1882, after a career as a publisher which had already extended over nearly forty years, he resolved to produce a cyclopaedia of biography which should be of permanent utilitj^ to his countrymen and should surpass in literary value works of similar character that had either been published or were in course of publication on the Continent of Europe. Mr. Smith's first design was an improved and extended cyclopaedia of universal biography on the plan of the ' Biographie Universelle,' the latest edition of which was issued in forty large volumes in Paris between 1843 and 1863. He proposed to render his projected work more complete and more trust- worthy than any that had preceded it by entrusting its preparation to a numerous staff of editors and contributors at home and in foreign VI The Dictionary of National Biography countries. But Mr. Smith took counsel with Mr. Leslie Stephen, who convinced him that the measureless growth throughout the world in late years of the materials of historical and biographical research rendered the execution of a cyclopedia of universal biography on the suggested scale almost impracticable. Acting on Mr. Stephen's advice, Mr. Smith resolved to confine his efforts to the production of a complete dictionary of national biography which should supply full, accurate, and concise biographies of all noteworthy inhabitants of the British Islands and the Colonies (exclusive of living persons) from the earliest historical period to the present time. The change of plan was justified on many grounds. While it was impossible to deal exhaustively and authoritatively with universal biography within the compass of a single literary under- taking, that field had been more or less efficiently surveyed in France and Germany, and English students had at their command modern cyclopedias on the subject in foreign tongues which made some approach to adequacy. On the other hand, although in Germany, Holland, Belgium, Austria, and Sweden cyclopaedias of national biography had been set on foot with a view to satisfying the just patriotic instinct of each nation, as well as the due requirements of historical knowledge, there had been no earnest endeavour of a like kind for nearly a century in this country. Only one venture in national biography of an exhaustive and authoritative kind had been previously carried to completion in this country, and that venture belonged to the eighteenth century. ' The Biographia Britannica, or the Lives of the most Eminent Persons who have flourished in Great Britain and Ireland from the Earliest Ages down to the Present Times,' was inaugurated in 1747, and was completed in seven folio volumes in 1766. A second edition in five folio volumes, which was begun in 1778, reached the beginning of the letter F in its fifth volume in 1793, and did not go further. This was the latest effort ha national biography of which the country could boast before the ' Dictionary of National Biography.' Alexander Chalmers's ' Biographical Dictionary,' which was completed in thirty-two volumes in 1814, and Eose's ' New General Biographical Dictionary,' which was begun in 1839 and completed in twelve volumes in 1847, were inadequate experiments in universal biography ; and after 1847, when the twelfth volume of Eose's Dictionary was published, the field both of universal and of national biography was for the time practically abandoned by English workers. In the years that followed, the need for an exhaustive and authoritative treat- ment of national biography was repeatedly admitted by general readers and students, and was often passively contemplated by men of letters and by publishers, but no one had the boldness seriously to face the A Statistical Account execution of the task until Mr. Smith began operations on this Dictionary in 1882. The design satisfied none of the conditions of a merely com- mercial venture. It was obvious from the first that the outlay would far exceed that hitherto involved in publishers' undertakings, and there was little or no prospect of a return of the capital that was needed to secure the completion of the work on a thoroughly adequate scale. But it was in no commercial spirit that Mr. Smith embarked on the enterprise, and he has ignored considerations of profit and loss in providing for its conduct to a successful issue. Mr. Leslie Stephen was appointed editor in the autumn of 1882, and active work was then commenced. A list of names which it was judged desirable to treat under A was compiled under Mr. Stephen's direction by Mr. H. E. Tedder, with some assistance from Mr. C. F. Keary. It was essential that the Dictionary should codify all scattered biographical efforts that had hitherto been made in the country. Thus the first, like the subsequent lists of names, which formed the primary foundation of the work, comprised all names that had hitherto been treated in independent works of biography, in general dictionaries, in collections of lives of prominent members of various classes of the community, and in obituary notices in the leading journals and periodicals. At the same time it was found that many names which had hitherto escaped bio- graphical notice were as important as many of those which had already received some kind of attention from biographers. These omissions it was the special province of a new and complete Dictionary to supply. For this purpose it was necessary to explore in the task of gathering the names a wide field of historical and scientific literature, and to take a survey of the most miscellaneous records and reports of human effort. The first list of names, which was compiled in accordance with these principles, was, as soon as it was printed, posted on the 10th of January 1883 to persons — most of them being specialists of literary experience — who it was believed would be willing and competent to write articles. Numerous applications were received from those who were prepared to contribute to the Dictionary, and the names in A were distributed among the applicants by Mr. Stephen. Meanwhile the original editorial staff was finally constituted by the appointment of Mr. Thompson Cooper to the post of compiler of the lists of names to be treated under B and future letters, and Mr. Stephen selected Mr. Sidney Lee in March 1883 to fill the office of assistant-editor. The second list of names (Baalun-Beechey) was completed in June 1883, and by the kindness of the editor of the ' Athenaeum ' it was printed in the columns of that journal. Headers of the ' Athenaeum ' were invited to offer suggestions or corrections to tlie editor of the VU1 The Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary. The result was very valuable, and all subsequent lists were every half-year— in October and April— submitted to the like test of public criticism before they were distributed among the contributors to the Dictionary. It was determined at the outset to publish successive volumes of the work at quarterly intervals. Much research was involved and much time was required in the compilation and editing of a sufficient number of articles to make up a volume. Not only was it intended to present as far as possible in every case the latest results of biographical and historical research, but the principles of the Dictionary obliged contri- butors to seek information from first-hand authorities, and often from unpublished papers and records. It was made an indispensable condition that writers should append to each article a full list of the sources whence their information was derived. In order to insure punctuality in the projected quarterly issue, it was therefore necessary that the work should be far advanced before the first volume appeared. Two years' preliminary preparation was essential before publication could be safely commenced. Accordingly it was not until the 1st of January 1885 that the first volume (Abbadie to Anne) was published. The volume contained 505 separate articles, from the pens of eighty-seven contributors. Since the date of the appearance of the first volume a further instalment, averaging 460 pages, has been issued with unbroken punc- tuality on every successive quarter-day until the completion of the work. From Christmas 1884 until Midsummer 1900, through fifteen and a half years, the original promise of quarterly publication has been faithfully kept. No similar literary undertaking, embodying equally thorough and extensive research, and proceeding from an equally large body of writers, has either been produced with a like regularity in regard to the issue of the several parts, or has been finally completed within a shorter period of time. The publication of sixty-three quarterly volumes in fifteen and a half years compares very favourably with the modes and rates of publication which have characterised the issue of cyclopaedias of national biography abroad. The successive volumes of foreign dictionaries have invariably appeared at irregular intervals, and in the case of every work which has any claim to be compared with this Dictionary, the publication of the whole has spread over far more years than in the case of the ' Dictionary of National Biography.' The publication of the Swedish Dictionary of National Biography in twenty-three volumes covered twenty-two years (1885-57) ; the Dutch Dictionary, in twenty-four volumes, occupied twenty-six years (1852-78) ; the Austrian Dictionary, in sixty volumes, A Statistical Account ix thirty-five years (1856-91) ; and the German Dictionary, in forty-five volumes, twenty-five years (1875-1900) ; while the ' Biographie Na- tionale ' of Belgium, though it has been thirty-one years in progress (1866-97), has not yet passed beyond the letter M. Appleton's ' Cyclo- paedia of American Biography' was planned on a far less elaborate scale than the works that have just been enumerated, and consequently it was found possible to publish its six volumes in the very brief period of two years. During the progress of the work changes have taken place in the editorial staff. Twenty-one volumes were published under Mr. Stephen's sole editorship, and they brought the alphabet as far as Gloucester. The twenty-first volume appeared at the end of December 1889. The severe strain of editorial duties, coupled with his labours as writer of many of the most important memoirs, had then somewhat seriously impaired Mr. Stephen's health, and early in 1890 his assistant, Mr. Sidney Lee, after working under him for seven years, became joint- editor with him. Volumes xxii. to xxvi., which were published between March 1890 and March 1891, and brought the alphabet from Glover to Hindley, appeared under the joint-editorship of Mr. Stephen and Mr. Lee. In the spring of 1891 Mr. Stephen, owing to continued ill- health, was compelled to resign his part in the editorship, after eight and a half years' service. Happily for the literary success of the undertaking, re-established health enabled him to remain a contributor, and almost every succeeding volume of the Dictionary has included valuable memoirs from his pen. The last volume includes important articles by him on the poet Wordsworth and Edward Young, the author of the ' Night Thoughts.' On Mr. Stephen's retirement, in 1891, the full responsibilities of editorship passed into the hands of Mr. Lee, under whose guidance the last thirty-seven volumes have appeared. These are numbered xxvii. to Ixiii., and bring the names from Hind- marsh to Zuylestein. Various changes have also taken place during the progress of the undertaking in the subordinate editorial offices. Mr. T. F. Henderson and the Eev. William Hunt gave some sub-editorial assistance in 1885. Mr. C. L. Kingsford acted as assistant to Mr. Lee from November 1889 to July 1890, and was then succeeded by Mr. W. A. J. Archbold. After Mr. Lee's assumption of the office of editor in May 1891, Mr. Archbold and Mr. Thomas Seccombe, who then began a long and important association with the Dictionary, became sub-editors. At the same date Mr. Thompson Cooper resigned his place on the editorial staff, after having prepared the lists of names from the letter B as far as the name Meyrig. Mr. Cooper has remained a valued contributor of x The Dictionary of National Biography memoirs to the Dictionary until its close. The lists of names from the middle of the letter M to the end were prepared by Mr. Seccombe and his colleagues. Mr. Archbold retired at the end of 1892, and his place was filled by the appointment of Mr. A. F. Pollard, who has ably and zealously performed the duties of sub-editor since that date, besides contributing numerous useful memoirs. At the beginning of 1896 the final change was made in the arrangements of the editorial office by the appointment of Mr. E. Irving Carlyle as an additional sub-editor, whose chief function was to compile a large number of the smaller miscellaneous articles. Thus at the completion of the undertaking the editorial staff consists of Mr. Lee, whose connection with it has lasted nearly seventeen and a half years ; of Mr. Seccombe, whose term of service extends over nine years ; of Mr. Pollard, whose term of service extends over seven years and a half ; and of Mr. Carlyle, whose term of service extends over four years and a half. Mr. H. E. Murray has acted as clerk in charge of the Dictionary while the undertaking has been in progress, and has continuously ren- dered most valuable service to editors and publishers. The whole work has been printed by Messrs. Spottiswoode & Co., and all the proofs have been finally read by Mr. Frederick Adams, their learned and efficient corrector of the press, to whom the Dictionary stands indebted for many useful suggestions and for the detection and removal of many errors. The ' Dictionary of National Biography ' supplies notices of 29,120 men and women ; of these 27,195 are full substantive articles, and 1,925 are briefer subsidiary articles. It is believed that the names include all men and women of British or Irish race who have achieved any reason- able measure of distinction in any walk of life ; every endeavour has been made to accord admission to every statesman, lawyer, divine, painter, author, inventor, actor, physician, surgeon, man of science, traveller, musician, soldier, sailor, bibliographer, book-collector, and printer whose career presents any feature which justifies its preservation from oblivion. No sphere of activity has been consciously overlooked. Niches have been found for sportsmen and leaders of society who have commanded public attention. Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. The principle upon which names have been admitted has been from all points of view generously interpreted ; the epithet ' national ' has not been held to exclude the early settlers in America, or natives of these islands who have gained distinction in foreign countries, or persons of foreign birth who have achieved eminence in this country. Great pains have been bestowed on the names of less widely acknowledged importance, and A Statistical Account every endeavour has been made to maintain the level of the information, in the smaller as well as in the larger articles, at the highest practicable standard of fulness and accuracy. The number of memoirs in this Dictionary is far in excess of the number of memoirs to be found in national biographies of other countries. The ' Allgemeine Deutsche Biographic,' which has just been completed in forty-five volumes under the auspices of the King of Bavaria, by the Historical Commission of the Bavarian 'Konigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften,' over which Eochus von Liliencron has presided, con- tains only 23,273 articles— or some six thousand fewer articles than appear in this Dictionary. The Austrian dictionary, ' Der grosse Oesterreichische Hausschatz : biographisches Lexicon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich,' which has been edited by Dr. Constant von Wurzbach under the auspices of the Imperial Academy of Vienna, does not exceed the German dictionary in the number of its memoirs. The ' Cyclopaedia of American Biography ' reaches a total of twenty thousand. The Dutch dictionary, ' Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden,' edited by A. G. Van der Aa, supplies only some ten thousand articles, and the Swedish, ' Biographiskt Lexicon ofver Namnkunnige Svenskaman,' about four thousand. The unfinished ' Biographie Nationale de Belgique,' which has been prepared under the auspices of the ' Academie Koyale de Belgique,' at present falls below a total of five thousand, but may, when completed, reach ten thousand. The table on the next page gives statistics of the memoirs in the Dictionary, according both to the initial letters under which they fall and the centuries to which they belong. This table excludes five genea- logical articles on the history respectively of the families of Arundell, Bek, Berkeley, Plantagenet, and Vere, and some eleven articles on legendary personages or creatures of romance who have been mistaken for heroes of history (e.g. Arthur of the Eound Table, Fleta, Guy of Warwick, Kobin Hood, Sir John Mandeville, Merlin, Didymus Mountain, Mother Shipton, St. Ursula, Matthew Westminster). The distribution of the memoirs over the centuries suggests various reflections and admits of various interpretations. Leaving out of account the dark periods that preceded the sixth century, it will be seen that the ninth and tenth prove least fruitful in the production of men of the Dictionary's level of distinction. The seventh century was more than twice as fruitful as the ninth, and the tenth was far less fruitful than the sixth or eighth. Since the tenth century the numbers for the most part steadily increase. The eleventh century gives twice as many names as its predecessor, and supplies no more than half as many as its successor. The successive rises in the thirteenth b s To end of j 5th Century 6th Century 501-600 7th Century 601-700 8th Century ; 701-800 9th Century 801-900 10th Century 901-1000 llth Century 1001-1100 12th Century 1101-1200 13th Century 1201-1300 14th Century 1301-1400 15th Century 1401-1500 16th Century 1501-1600 17th Century : 1601-1700 , 18th Ci-nturv 1701-1800 So 5^ ^ o •£°o O5r~l Grand Total 1* !^ £ t? ^•?2 "S 5fl go S g 3 $ S S S g m lO oo £ " en in CO S CO g S 1 S 1 o i H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 CO N >« 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ X 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I X £ 1 - ro c- r-l -1 CD S rO s S s S ro g S 1 £ > 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ro CO m * CO CO g S N 1 > s 1 t-t - i-H 1 | ro - CO 0 m in en CO m S & H n <* M CO s N r— CM «* f CO en s s S CM OO ro E2 S 1 S B ^i- s 00 CM -!- _l_ H to OS 1 CO ro CO -1 -1 s s 8 8 S cS t- S cl CO CO 1 K or 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 *1- 1 1 1 in m s ro or o- » in t- IM | CM 00 2 m ro ro m «- § 55 S ro § I Ou, 0 '- I-< cn 00 »* a> s S S (O CO *!• 0- g § s co CO o * «» - 1 ID CM CM ro CO 35 CM S S S S i CD c- 2: £ CM o 03 D- m m m s S S § 2 0 rt n ro rt "•' CM 0 §3 s S a s 1 1 1 u M 1 1 - -1 rH ^ rO 1 CD CO CO s t- 5 i s M "s •" -« * M 1 1 1 0 O CO o s g CO in i s? CO •^ - -< rO 1 f— i 1 « CO ro CO in CO in So S s § •* H ro 1 •* CO ^ -1 «• CO «• § S o CO 1 § 1 CM S CM U n *+ to en 1 3 t- ro - 8 e 3 s § § 1 1 g° S OQ •< r-t «r CD t- oa ro oo t- 2 oo s S 2 g s r? oo • In January 1798 Coleridge, having been pensioned by the Wedgwoods, planned a visit to Germany, and the Wordsworths resolved to j oin him. They intended (KNIGHT, i. 147) to spend two years in learning German and ' natural science.' They left Alfoxden on 26 June, and, after a stay at Bristol seeing the 'Lyrical Ballads' through the press, sailed from Yarmouth on 16 Sept. After a week at Hamburg, where they saw Klop- stock, the Wordsworths settled at Goslar, while Coleridge went to Ratzeburg and Gottingen. Goslar was chosen for its quiet, and turned out to be a ' lifeless ' place. The Wordsworths saw no society, because, as he had a lady with him, he would have been bound to entertain in return, and because he hated tobacco, and, according to Cole- ridge, was unsociable and hypochondriacal (COLERIDGE, Letters, i. 273). The winter was so cold that the people at his house told VOL. LXIII. him ' rather unfeelingly ' that he would be frozen to death (note to ' Lines written in Germany'), and, instead of associating with* Germans, he composed poetry chiefly about \ himself. He wrote the beginning of the 1 ' Prelude ' on 10 Feb 1799 on his way to a ' visit to Coleridge. He also wrote the poems to Lucy. She has been taken for a real person, and was made the heroine of a silly story by the Baroness von Stockhausen. Nothing, however, is known to suggest that there was any such person. The verses, ' She was a phantom of delight,' which Miss Martineau thought applicable to ' Lucy ' (Miss Martineau's ' Mrs. Wordsworth ' in Biographical Sketches), were really addressed to his wife (KNIGHT, i. 189). Coleridge (Letters, p. 284) surmised that one of the poems — ' A slumber did my spirit seal ' — referred to Dorothy. The residence in Ger- many had no traceable effect upon Words- worth's mind. The cost of living was more than he had expected, and early in 1799 he returned with his sister to England, after spending a day with Coleridge at Gottingen (COLERIDGE, Letters, pp. 288, 296). They reached England about the end of April. Their plans for the future were unsettled, and they went at once to stay with their friends the Hutchinsons at Sockburn-on- Tees. Coleridge soon followed them, and at the end of October Wordsworth, with his brother John and Coleridge, made an excur- sion to the lakes. There he was impressed by the beauty of a vacant house called Dove Cottage, at Town End, Grasmere. He re- solved to take it at once, and soon afterwards travelled on foot with his sister from Sock- burn, reaching Dove Cottage on 21 Dec. 1799. The cottage was small, as befitted their means, but the country was so congenial that they remained in it for the rest of their lives. Wordsworth settled down to the composition of poetry, working at the long philosophical work which was to sum up his whole theory of life, and writing many occasional poems, some of which are among his best. Dorothy's journals show that he laboured steadily at his task, and was often tired and upset by the excitement or by the trouble of revising. She was constantly noting effects of scenery with her usual delicacy, and recording little incidents which supplied texts for her brother. Coleridge was still their closest intimate. He settled at Keswick in July 1800, after a short stay at Dove Cottage, and in the following period was constantly coming over to Grasmere. The Wordsworths knew a few neighbours — W. Calvert (who was building a house at Wrindy Brow), Thomas Clarkson (who was c Wordsworth 18 Wordsworth living at Eusemere, on Ulleswater), and others — but lived in the quietest, fashion. Among Wordsworth's first employments was the publication of the second edition of the ' Lyrical Ballads.' The first volume had sold ' much better than we expected,' as Dorothy said (KNIGHT, i. 212), and had, she hoped, ' prepared a number of purchasers ' for the second, which was now added with some of Wordsworth's finest poems. The enlarged ' Lyrical Ballads ' gained some popularity, as Jeffrey admitted in his review of Wordsworth's next book (1807), and Wordsworth made about 100/. from the sale. By Poole's advice copies were sent to Wilberforce and the Duchess of Devon- shire, and one, with a remarkable letter from the author, to Fox. To Fox he explains A t the intention of his poems, especially of / the two noble idylls ' The Brothers ' and I ' Michael.' They were meant to illustrate the strength of the domestic affections among the ' statesmen ' of the north. The ' rapid decay' of such affections, caused by the growth of manufactures, the war taxes, and the poor law, was, he thought, the greatest curse which could befall a land. The letter is the most explicit statement of the senti- ment embodied in much of Wordsworth's best work. Fox made a civil but not very appreciative reply (Memoirs, i. 166-71). Another noteworthy letter explaining his poetical principles was in answer to John Wilson (' Christopher North '), who at the age of seventeen had written a very appre- ciative letter (24 May 1802). The enthu- siasm of the yo unger generat ion was beginning to be roused. The death of Lord Lonsdale in 1802 im- proved Wordsworth's financial position. The sum originally due was 5,000/., and the second earl [see under WILLIAM LOWTHER, third EARL OF LONSDALE], on succeeding to his cousin's estates, repaicl the original debt with interest, making altogether 8,oOO/. (KNIGHT, i. 98). William and his sister were each to have about 1,800Z. ; of this they had lent 1,200/. to John Wordsworth, and in February 1805 (ib. i. 98) William was still uncertain as to the final result. The prospect of a better income probably en- couraged him to marry Mary Hutchinson (b. 1C Aug. 1770), who had been his school- fellow at Penrith, and was the daughter of a man in business at Penrith. She was not, as has been said, his cousin, though there was a remote family connection, Words- worth's uncle, Dr. Cookson, and her uncle, W. Monkhoiise, having married sisters. Her parents had died in her childhood, and she lived with relations at Penrith, till in 1792-3 she went to keep house for her brother Thomas, who had a farm at Sockburn. In 1800 they moved to another farm at Gallow Hill, Brompton, near Scarborough (ib. i. 192, 336, 343). Mary Hutchinson and the Wordsworths had kept up the old relations; she had been with them in his vacation rambles in 1790, and had visited them at Racedown and at Dove Cottage ; while they had stayed with her at Sockburn. The mar- riage was thus the quiet consummation of a lifelong intimacy. If there was no romantic incident, it proved at least that a poet might be capable of perfect domestic happiness. Wordsworth's wife had not the genius nor the remarkable acquirements of his sister, but she was a gentle, sympathetic, and sensible woman. He described her appa- rently with as much fidelity as love in the verses ' She was a phantom of delight.' In July 1802 Wordsworth and his sister left Grasmere, and, after visiting the Hut- chiusons, made an expedition to Calais. Passing through London, he wrote (31 July) the famous sonnet upon Westminster Bridge. He had been struck by Milton's sonnets when read to him by his sister on 21 May 1802 (note to ' I grieved for Buonaparte,' cf. KNIGHT, i. 320), and at once tried his skill on a form of poetry his best efforts in which are unsurpassed* by any English writer. The narrow limits prevented devia- tions into prosaic verbosity and allowed a dignified expression of profound feeling. The Wordsworths returned at the end of August, and, after three weeks in London, went to Gallow Hill, where he was married to Mary Hutchinson on 4 Oct. 1802. The same day the three drove to Thirsk, and on the 6th reached Grasmere, and settled down to the old life. Dorothy could not ' describe what she felt,' but accepted her sister-in-law with- out a trace of jealousy. From this time Wordsworth's life was uneventful. His five children were born : John on 18 June 1803; Dorothy, 16 Aug. 1804; Thomas, 16 June 1 806 ;" Catharine, 6 Sept. 1808 ; and William, 12 May 1810. In the autumn of 1801 Wordsworth made a walking tour in Scotland, briefly mentioned in his sister's ' Recollections.' While cross- ing Solway Moss he composed the verses ' To a Skylark,' first published in 1807, and he probably wrote some other poems at the same time. In August 1803 he started for a second tour in Scotland with his sister and Coleridge, leaving his wife with her infant son (John) at Grasmere. Coleridge's bad health, his domestic discomforts, of which the Wordsworths soon became cog- nisant, and his resort to opium, which they Wordsworth Wordsworth probably discovered by degrees, caused them anxiety. He left them after a time at In- versnaid. The Wordsworths visited Burns's country, saw the falls of Clyde, Loch Lo- mond and the Trossachs, Inverary, Glencoe, Killiecrankie, and many of the scenes to which Scott was about to give popularity. The journal of this tour kept by Dorothy Wordsworth was admired by S. Rogers, who in 1823 corresponded with her as to its pro- posed publication (Rogers and his Contem- poraries, i. 343), but it did not appear in full until it was edited in 1874 by Professor Shairp as ' Recollections of a Tour made in Scotland, A.D. 1803.' At the end they visited Scott himself at Lasswade, and in his com- pany visited Melrose, Jedburgh, and Hawick. A cordial friendship began; and in 1805 Scott with his wife visited the Wordsworths at Grasmere, and Scott, with (Sir*) Humphry Davy, made an ascent of Helvellyn, which suggested well-known poems to the two authors. The Wordsworths returned to Grasmere in October 1803. Coleridge had now re- solved to go abroad. On his way to London he fell ill at Dove Cottage, and was nursed by the two ladies. Wordsworth ' almost forced' upon him (Coleorton Mem. i. 41) a loan of 100/. to enable him to travel, and he sailed for Malta on 9 April 1804. At this time Sir George Howland Beaumont [q.v.] had made the acquaintance of Coleridge, whom he visited at Keswick, and admired, though he was not personally known to Wordsworth. He had an 'ardent desire' to bring the two poets into closer neighbour- hood, and with this purpose bought a small property at Applethwaite on the flanks of Skiddaw, and presented it to Wordsworth as a site for a house. Coleridge's departure removed the reason for this change. Dove Cottage, however, was becoming over- crowded. In November 1805 Wordsworth rambled with his sister into Patterdale (his sister's journal of the tour was incorporated in Wordsworth's ' Guide ' to the lakes in 1835). He was struck by the beauty of a cottage with nine acres .of land under Placefell. The owners wanted 1,000/. for it, and Wordsworth offered 800J. His friend Wil- kinson applied to the new Lord Lonsdale, who at once sent 8001. to Wordsworth to effect the purchase. Wordsworth, after some hesitation, accepted 200/. of this to make up the 1,0001., paying the 8001. him- self, half of which was supplied by his wife. The purchase was finally completed in March 1807 (KNIGHT, ii. 37-8, 72-3) ; but Words- worth never built upon the land. The generosity of Lord Lonsdale led to a friend- ship which afterwards became very inti- mate. John Wordsworth had sailed early in 1805 in command of the East Indiaman Aber- gavenny, which was wrecked by the fault of a pilot off the Bill of Portland on 5 Feb. The captain, who behaved with great courage, and over two hundred persons were lost. John was a man of great charm, sharing, it seems, his sister's eye for natural scenery, and of a refinement and literary taste un- usual in his profession. The whole family were profoundly affected by his loss (see KNIGHT, i. 370-80, ii. 41). Wordsworth told Sir George Beaumont (5 May 1805) that he had been trying to write a commemorative poem, but had been too much agitated to remember what he wrote. He composed, however, some ' elegiac verses ' referring to his last parting with his brother near Grise- dale tarn. An inscription has been placed on the face of a neighbouring rock at the suggestion of Canon Rawnsley. There are many references to John in Wordsworth's poetry, especially in the verses on Piel Castle (the reference is to Piel, near Barrow-in- Furness ; see Eversley Wordsworth, iii. 56- 57). The character of the ' Happy War- rior,' suggested by the death of Nelson, in- cludes traits of character derived from John Wordsworth. In May 1805 (letters to Sir G. Beaumont of 1 May and 3 June 1805) Wordsworth had finished the ' Prelude,' having worked at it for some months. He observes that it is ' unprecedented ' for a man to write nine thousand lines about himself, but explains that he was induced to this by ' real humility.' He was afraid of any more arduous topic. The poem was meant to be ' a sort of portico to the " Recluse," ' which he hoped soon to begin in earnest. It remained unprinted till his death. Meanwhile Dove Cottage was becoming untenable. Sir G. Beaumont was at this time rebuilding his house at Coleorton, near Ashby-de-la-Zouche, Lei- cestershire. During the building he occu- pied a farmhouse, and he now offered this for the winter of 1806-7 to the Words- worths. They moved thither with Mrs. Wordsworth's sister Sarah at the end of October 1806. Wordsworth took a lively interest in plans for the gardens, upon which he wrote long letters to the Beaumonts. He wrote inscriptions to be placed in the grounds. Sir G. Beaumont's pictures sug- gested some of his poems (especially that on Piel Castle), and Beaumont drew illustra- tions for several of Wordsworth's poems (KNIGHT, ii. 56, gives a list). The friend- c2 Wordsworth 20 Wordsworth ship remained unbroken until the death of Sir G. Beaumont (7 Feb. 1827). He left an annuity of 100/. to Wordsworth to pay the expenses of an annual tour. At the end of 1806 Coleridge came with Hartley to stay with the "Wordsworths at Coleorton. In January 1807 Wordsworth recited the 'Pre- lude' to Coleridge, who thereupon wrote his verses 'To a Gentleman' (the first version given in Coleorton fetters, i. 213, contains some affectionate lines upon Wordsworth, afterwards suppressed). From Coleorton Wordsworth went to London for a month in the spring of 1807, coming back with Scott. The Wordsworths returned to Gras- mere in the autumn. He afterwards went to the Hutchinsons at Stockton, where he wrote part of the ' White Doe of Rylstone.' A collection of poems in two volumes ap- peared this year, including the odes to ' Duty,' and upon the ' Intimations of Immortality,' ' Miscellaneous Sonnets,' sonnets dedicated to 'Liberty,' and poems written during a tour in Scotland. Though containing some of his finest work, the new publication was sharply attacked upon the old grounds. Southey wrote to Miss Seward (KNIGHT, ii. 97) that had he been Wordsworth's adviser a great part of the last volume would have been suppressed. The 'storm of ridicule' might have been foreseen, and Wordsworth, though he despised, was ' diseasedly sensi- tive to the censure which he despises.' Words- worth, however, himself expressed great con- fidence as to the ultimate success of his work, misunderstood by a frivolous public (to Lady Beaumont, 21 May 1807). Jeffrey in the 'Edinburgh '(October 1807) treated WTordsworth as a man of great ability, led into error by a perverse theory ; but the ridicule was more pointed than the praise, and was thought to have stopped the circu- lation of the poems. Wordsworth went to London to see Cole- ridge, who was ill, and heard him lecture in the beginning of 1808. He had now decided to leave Dove Cottage, where he had to work in the one room also used by the family, the children, and visitors. He moved to a house called Allan Bank, recently built under Sil- verhowe on the way to Easedale. There he settled in the autumn of 1808, and Coleridge came to be his guest. De Quincey, who had recently become Coleridge's friend, was another guest, who at the end of 1809 settled in Dove Cottage. John Wilson, Wordsworth's old admirer, had built his house at Elleray, and now became personally intimate with the Wordsworths. The whole country was at this time in a passion of excitement over the convention of Cintra. Wordsworth's inte- rest in political matters appeared to have sub- sided ; and in June 1805 he wrote to Sir G. ! Beaumont wondering at his own indifference to current affairs, such as Nelson's voyage to- the West Indies. The Spanish rising, how- ever, roused him thoroughly. He sympa- thised heartily with the patriotic resistance to Napoleon, and was shocked by the per- mission granted to the French army to re- turn to their own country. He expressed his feelings in a pamphlet, which Canning is said to have regarded as the most eloquent production since Burke's. It takes a high moral ground, and, if rather magniloquent t is forcibly written. Unluckily it was en- trusted to De Quincey, who was unbusiness- like, and worried the printers by theories of punctuation. The publication was delayed,, but, as Southey wrote to Scott, it would have failed in any case from its 'long and involved ' sentences. Wordsworth, he saysr became obscure, partly because he imitated Milton, and partly because the habit of dic- tating hides a man's obscurity from himself. The series of sonnets ' dedicated to national independence and liberty,' written about this time, represent the same mood. Coleridge was now bringing out the ' Friend,' of which the first number appeared on 1 June 1809, and the last on 15 March 1810. He dictated much of it at Grasmere to Sarah Hutchinson, sister of Mrs. AVords- worth. Wordsworth gave some help by re- plying to a letter by John Wilson (signed ' Mathetes ') and contributing an essay upon ' Epitaphs.' In 1810 appeared the first ver- sion of his prose book upon the lakes. Coleridge, after the failure of the ' Friend,r had decided to go to London with Basil Montagu, at whose house he meant to reside. WTordsworth, having had painful experience of Coleridge's habits as a guest, thought it his duty to warn Montagu of the responsi- bilities which he was incurring. Montagu,, three days after reaching London, took the amazing step of communicating this state- ment to Coleridge. Wordsworth, according to him, had said, ' Coleridge has been a " nuisance " in my house, and I have no hope for him ; ' and had commissioned Mont- agu to deliver this agreeable opinion to its object. Coleridge, in his unfortunate con- dition, was thrown into a paroxysm of dis- tress. He left Montagu to settle with the Morgans, and, instead of appealing to Words- worth himself, confided more or less in the Lambs, the Morgans, Mrs. Clarkson, and other friends. For a time a complete aliena- tion followed. In the spring of 1812 Cole- ridge was on the lakes, but refused, in spite of Dorothy's entreaties, to visit Grasmere. Wordsworth 21 Wordsworth In May 1812 Wordsworth came to London, and Crabb Robinson acted as a friendly mediator. The difficulty was that, although Wordsworth could deny that he had sent any message or used the words repeated by •Coleridge, who had probably exaggerated Montagu's exaggerated version, he could not deny that he had said something which would be painful to Coleridge. He might have used the word ' nuisance ' in regard to some of Coleridge's habits, which undoubtedly Reserved the name ; but he denied that he 'had applied it to Coleridge himself. Words- worth was both delicate and straightfor- ward, and Coleridge ended by accepting his statements. At the end of the year he wrote a very warm letter of condolence upon the •death of Wordsworth's son. It included a reference (COLERIDGE, Letters, p. 601) to his feeling for Sarah Hutchinson, of which Wordsworth would naturally disapprove. At any rate, he delayed answering, but he then wrote inviting Coleridge to Grasmere, where his company would be the greatest •comfort to his friend. Coleridge went oft' to the seaside and made no reply. Intercourse was renewed by some letters in 1815 upon poetical points ; but in 1816 Wordsworth was annoyed at the criticisms in the ' Bio- graphia Literaria,' and the friendship was not re-established till 1817, and never re- gained the old warmth. The quarrel which suspended one of the most remarkable of literary friendships was regarded by Cole- ridge as one of the ' four griping sorrows of his life ' (ALLSOP, Coleridge, ii. 140). Though known to so many people at the time, the facts have only recently been made public (KNIGHT, ii. 168-87 ; J. D. CAMPBELL, Cole- ridge, pp. 179-85, 193-7 ; COLEKIDGE, Let- ters, pp. 578, 586-612. A full account given in GRABS ROBINSON'S Diary was suppressed t>y the editor. Mrs. Clarkson wrote to him that Wordsworth's conduct had been affec- tionate and ' forbearing throughout '). In the summer of 1810 the Wordsworths had moved from Allan Bank to the parson- age at Grasmere. Two of the children were ailing, and both died in 1812 — Catherine on 4 June and Thomas on 1 Dec. They were buried in the churchyard, and the pain- ful association made Wordsworth anxious to leave the house. Early in 1813 he moved accordingly to Rydal Mount, the house which he occupied for the rest of his life. In 1812 he had applied to Lord Lonsdale to obtain some situation for him, stating that his actual literary pursuits brought in little money, and that he could not turn to less exalted and more profitable work. Lord JL'jnsdale, after applying fruitlessly to Lord Liverpool, offered an allowance (apparently of 1001. a year) from himself (KNIGHT, ii. 209). Wordsworth accepted this, after some hesitation, but soon afterwards Lonsdale obtained for him the office of distributor of stamps for the county of Westmoreland. [The statement that Lonsdale acted upon a hint from Rogers, who had said that the Wordsworths had often to abstain from meat (Rogers and his Contemporaries, i. 103), cannot be accurate.] The office brought him in about 400/. a year. A good deal of the work was done by a clerk, John Carter, who served him for his life, and edited the 'Prelude ' after his death. It in- volved, however, some careful superinten- dence, and Wordsworth says that for seven years he or < one of his nearest connections ' had been daily on the spot (KNIGHT, ii. 211). In 1814 Wordsworth made another tour in Scotland, when he saw Hogg and Gillies, who published several of his letters in ' Me- moirs of a Literary Veteran.' In July ap- peared the ' Excursion.' When finishing the ' Prelude ' he says that the task ' of his life ' will be over if he can finish the ' Re- cluse ' and ' a narrative poem of the epic kind' (to Beaumont, 3 June 1805). The epic was never begun, and the ' Excursion ' (with a fragment published in 1888), on which he worked at intervals from 1795 till its publication, represents the ' Recluse.' It marks the culmination of Wordsworth's poetical career. Jeffrey's famous phrase, ' This will never do ! ' (Edinburgh, Novem- ber 1814) was really the protest of literary orthodoxy against a heresy the more offen- sive because it was growing in strength. Southey (Life, iv. 91), Keats, and Crabb Robinson now put Wordsworth by the side of Milton. Lamb was allowed by his old enemy Gifford (perhaps in remorse for a pre- vious attack, see SOUXHEY'S Life, v. 151) to review the poem in the ' Quarterly,' where, however, the article was cruelly mangled. Coleridge objected that the ' Excursion ' did not fulfil his anticipations that the 'Re- cluse ' was to be the ' first and only true philosophical poem in existence' (Letters, pp. 643-50) ; whereas the philosophy was still subordinate to the exposition of commonplace truths. The poem took its place as Words- worth's masterpiece among the younger gene- ration now growing up. Wordsworth gra- dually abandoned any thought of carrying out any larger design. The ' White Doe of Rylstone ' (published in 1815) had been written in 1807-8, 'Peter Bell' and the ' Waggoner ' (both published in 1819) in 1798 and 1805 respectively. ' Peter Bell ' is said to have been his ' most successful ' 22 Wordsworth book up to that time, an edition of five hundred copies having been sold in the year and a second published. From ' want of resolution to take up a longer -work,' he says (KNIGHT, iii. 95), he spent much time in writing sonnets. The sonnets on the Duddon, chiefly written about 1820, show his true power. The longest and least suc- cessful series was that called ' Ecclesias- tical Sketches,' published in 1822. In fact Wordsworth's productive power had declined, and henceforth appeared only in occasional ' effusions.' He had become respectable and conservative. To the liberals he appeared to be a renegade. Shelley expresses his view in a sonnet and in ' Peter Bell the Third,' the first ' Peter Bell ' being the parody by John Hamilton Reynolds [q. v.], brought out when Wordsworth's poem was advertised. Browning's ' Lost Leader ' (see his letter to Dr. Grosart in Wordsworth's Prose Works) gives a later version of this sentiment. Wordsworth's 'Thanksgiving Ode 'in 1815 (to which Shelley refers) shows how com- pletely he shared the conservative view. Although the evolution of Wordsworth's opinions was both honest and intelligible, it led to a practical alliance with toryism. He took a keen interest in local politics, as appears from his letters to Lord Lonsdale (partly published by Professor Knight), and in 1818 published two addresses to the West- minster freeholders in support of the tory party. He was alarmed by the discontent of that period, and fully approved of the re- pressive measures. At a later period he was strongly opposed to catholic emancipation, and thought the Reform Bill would lead to a disastrous revolution (see W. HALE WHITE'S Examination of the Charge of Apostasy against Wordsworth, 1898, for an interest- ing discussion of his religious and political views). On 13 Jan. 1819 he was placed on the commission of the peace for Westmor- land. During his later years Wordsworth made •>«. good many tours and widened his circle of friends. Samuel Rogers had seen him at the lakes in 1803, and was a helpful friend. Another friend, who had first met him at Coleortpn in 1809, was B. R. Haydon, who in 1815 took a cast of his face and intro- duced him to Leigh Hunt. In 1817 he had a famous dinner at Haydon's studio with Keats and Lamb (TAYLOR, Haydon*, i. 384-7). Keats saw 'a good deal' of him, and regarded him with reverence (Works by Buxtcn Forman, iii. 45, 107). Crabb Robinson, introduced to him by Lamb in 3808, was always a most attentive disciple and something of a Boswell. In later visits he saw much of Rogers and his younger ad- mirer (Sir) Henry Taylor, who asked some of the utilitarians to meet him at a break- fast party. In 1820 he made a four months' tour with his wife and sister and other friends up the Rhine to Switzerland, met Robinson at Lucerne, and, after visiting the Italian lakes, returned by Paris. In 1823 he visited Belgium with his wife, and in 1828 went again to Belgium and up the Rhine with his daughter and Coleridge (see T. C. GRATTAX'S Beaten Paths, ch. iv., and Memoir of C. Mayne Young for notices of this tour). In 1829 he went to Ireland to visit (Sir) William Rowan Hamilton [q. v.], an ardent admirer, to whom he often wrote criticising poems written by Hamilton and his sister kindly and judiciously. In 1831 he went to Scotland, chiefly to see. Scott, whom he visited in September at Abbotsford. A fine sonnet, ' Yarrow Revisited ' (1835), commemorates this last meeting. A final tour through the Isle of Man to Scotland was made in 1833, and produced another series of poems in the same volume. The death of James Hogg (1770-1835) [q.v.l on 21 Nov. 1835 suggested an ' Effusion,' with touching allusions to the deaths of Scott (1832), Crabbe (1832), Coleridge (1834), Lamb (1834), and Mrs.Hemans (1835). The old generation was vanishing. Wordsworth was deeply affected by the death of Cole- ridge, though the close intimacy had never been restored. The death of his sister-in-law, Sarah Hutchinson, on 23 June 1835, was a still severer blow. Dorothy Wordsworth had never really recovered from a severe illness in 1829, and by this time was sinking into incurable ill-health. The disease, as he tells ) Rogers in February 1836, had to some degree | affected the brain. In 1837 Wordsworth i made his last continental tour, attended by ! H. C. Robinson, who in later years spent I several Christmases at Grasmere. Between 19 March and 7 Aug. they went through France, and by the Corniche road through Italy to Rome; back to Florence, Milan, and the lakes to Venice, and thence through the Tyrol, Salzburg, Munich, and Heidelberg, and back by Brussels and Calais. Words- worth enjoyed his tour and still wrote poems. Dr. Arnold built his house at Fox How in 1833. He and his family and Mrs. Fletcher [see FLETCHER, ELIZA], with her daughters, Lady Richardson andMrs. Davy, were valued neighbours in later years. Admiration of Wordsworth's poetry was now becoming part of the orthodox creed. Coleridge's criticisms in the ' Biographia Literaria' expounded the true faith, and Coleridge had become a prophet. In 1823 Wordsworth 23 Wordsworth Dorothy Wordsworth told Robinson that he would publish no more poems, as they never sold (KNIGHT, iii. 70). The collective edition of 1820 of five hundred copies was not sold out for four years. In 1825-6 he corresponded with S. Rogers and Alaric Watts, asking them to help him to get better terms from a new publisher. The profits of his books had been spent in advertising. Rogers said that if he were allowed to select, he would make a popular collection of the poems. To this Wordsworth declined to submit, and, after some negotiation, had to fall back upon his old publishers, the Longmans, who in 1827 brought out a new edition — Words- worth to have two-thirds of the expenses and profits, instead of half profits as before. Of a new edition in 1831 only four hundred out of two thousand copies were sold by June 1832 (see Rogers and his Contem- poraries, i. 403-15 ; Life of Alaric Watts, i. 234-7 ; Transactions of Wordsworth So- ciety, vol. vi.) On 20 Feb. 1835 Words- worth told Moore that he had not made above 1,000^. by all his publications up to that time. Rogers told Robinson (Diaries, &c., iii. 73) about this time that Words- worth would now be as much overpraised as he had been depreciated. In 1836 Ed- ward Moxon [q. v.], who had published ' Selections' in 1831, gave him 1,0001. for a new edition, a bargain which in 1842 Words- worth thought had been a bad one for the publisher (KNIGHT, iii. 418). The circula- tion, however, was increasing. In 1837 he began to hear that his poems were making an impression at home and abroad. In that year he was told that an edition of twenty thousand copies had been published in America (ib. iii. 267). In 1839, when Tal- fourd was proposing a new law of copyright, Wordsworth, in a petition to the House of Commons, stated that within the last four years he had received more for his writings than during his whole previous career. He had a long correspondence with Talfourd, Gladstone, and other supporters of the measure at this period (printed in KNIGHT, iii. 318-58). When on 26 May 1836 he attended the first performance of Talfourd's ' Ion,' lie was received with loud cheers, ac- cording to the rather doubtful statement of John Dix, who was present (KNIGHT, iii. 265). In 1838 he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from the university of Durham, and in 1839 the same degree at Oxford. He there received an enthusiastic welcome. Keble, who presented him, dedi- cated to him in 1844 his ' Prselectiones Academicse,' and on both occasions used terms of reverent affection, by which Words- worth was deeply gratified. He had waited forty years for general recognition of his genius. In 1842 Wordsworth resigned his place in the stamp office ; it was transferred to his son William, who had done much of the duty since 1831, when upon an enlargement of the district he had become his father's deputy at Carlisle. This involved a loss of 400/. a year, ' more than half his income ' (KNIGHT, iii. 426). This fact, as he desired, was brought under the notice of Sir R. Peel, who in Octo- ber gave him a pension of 300/. a year from the civil list. The grant was due to the influ- ence of Gladstone. Wordsworth's eldest son, John, had taken orders, and at the end of 1828 was preferred to the rectory of Moresby, Cumberland, by Lord Lonsdale. He afterwards became vicar of Brigham, near Cockermouth. Wordsworth's daughter Dorothy (called ' Dora ' to distinguish her from her aunt) was- his favourite child, and is commemorated with Edith Southey and Sara Coleridge in the ' Triad.' On 11 May 1841 she married Edward Quillinan [q.v.j Wordsworth withheld his consent for some time, partly, it seems, because Quillinan was a Roman catholic, but chiefly from un- willingness to part from the daughter whom he loved with a 'passionately jealous' affec- tion (TATLOE, Autobiography, i. 334-9). His consent was partly due to the pressure of Isabella Fenwick, who had come to live at Grasmere out of admiration for his poetry, and stayed for some time in the family. Both the poet and his wife found in her an ardent and judicious friend, and to her Wordsworth dictated the invaluable notes upon the composition of his poems. Upon the death of Southey (21 March 1843) the poet-laureateship was offered to Wordsworth, who at first declined on the ground of his inability to discharge the duties. Sir Robert Peel having assured him that no official verses would be required from him, he accepted the offer. In May 1845 he went to London upon being invited to a state ball. He afterwards attended a levee in court dress, and had to be forced into Rogers's clothes and to wear Davy's sword (see HATDON, iii. 303-6, and the Browning Letters, i. 86-7). Tennyson was squeezed into the same coat when he had to attend a levee as Wordsworth's successor (Life of Tennj/son, i. 338). In January 1846 he sent a copy of his poems to the queen, with verses inscribed upon the flyleaf (printed in KNIGHT, iii. 470). In 1847 an ode, nomi- nally by him, but probably written by Quilli- nan (Eversley Wordsworth, viii. 320), was set to music and performed at the installation Wordsworth Wordsworth of the prince consort as chancellor of the university of Cambridge. It was received with great applause. Wordsworth was still vigorous. Some memorials of his conversa- tion are given by Mrs. (Eliza) Fletcher [q.v.l and her daughters, Lady Richardson and Mrs. Davy. Disciples such as Henry Taylor, Mr. Aubrey de Vere, and Matthew Arnold paid him their homage, and he was the object of general reverence. His son William mar- ried Miss Graham. Mrs. Quillinan was taken ill soon afterwards. Her parents re- turned from a visit to Christopher "Words- worth at Westminster upon hearing of her state. After two months of anxiety she died on 9 July. Wordsworth's grief was overpowering and darkened his remaining years. In 1849 he visited one of the Hutchin- sons at Malvern, and there had his last interview with Robinson. On 10 March 1850 he was able to attend divine service at Rydal chapel, but a day or two later caught cold and gradually sank, dying peacefully on 23 April 1850. He was buried in Gras- mere churchyard on the 27th by the side of his children. Dorothy Wordsworth died on 25 Jan. 1855. Mrs. Wordsworth survived till her ninetieth year, and died on 17 Jan. 1859, when she was buried beside her hus- band. John, the elder of the two surviving sons, died in 1875, and William, the younger, in 1883. Both left children. The criticism of Wordsworth's poetry by S. T. Coleridge in the ' Biographia Literaria ' is still unsurpassed. Later criticisms of interest are by Sir Henry Taylor (in ' Notes I on Books,' 1849) ; Mr. Aubrey de Yere in j / 'Essays chiefly on Poetry ,'1887, vol. i.: Mat- | thew Arnold (in a preface to a selection of | 'Poems,' 1880); Dean Church (in Mr. Hum- | phry Ward's 'English Poets,' 1880, vol. iv.); j Shairp in ' Studies in Philosophy and Poetry,' 1868 ; R. H. Hutton in ' Essays Philoso- phical and Literary,' 1871, vol. ii.; Walter Pater in ' Appreciations,' 1890 ; Mr. A. C. Swinburne in 'Miscellanies,' 1886: Mr. John | Morley (in ' Introduction ' to edition of poems in 1888); and J. R. Lowell (in 'Among my Books'). J. S. Mill in his' Auto- biography f (pp. 146, &c.) has an interesting account of the effect upon himself of reading Wordsworth. The soothing influence which Mill recognised no doubt explains the strong | affection which Wordsworth has inspired in I all sympathetic readers. No poet has been more loved because none has expressed more forcibly and truly the deepest moral emotions. Some critics have laboured to show that his poetry was not a philosophy such as Cole- ridge fondly expected to find in the 'Excur- ' sion.' Wordsworth was to begin by exposing the ' sandy sophisms of Locke,' and to show the reconciliation of true idealism and true realism (COLERIDGE, Letters,n. 643). Words- worth, in fact, was only puzzled by meta- physical arguments, and could not, if any one could, transmute them into poetry. His ' philosophy,' if he be allowed to have one, must be taken to correspond to a pro- found and consistent perception of certain vitally important aspects of human life. His aim from the first was to find fit utter- ance for the primary and simple feelings. The attempt to utter the corresponding truths has an awkward tendency to de- generate into platitude ; and WTordsworth's revolt against the ' artificial ' style of the previous school led to his trivialities. He seems to have thought that because the peasant has the feelings common to man, the peasant's language could give them ade- quate expression. He became inartistic at times from fear of being unnatural. He fully recognised, indeed, the necessity of polishing his poems, as is shown by his continual re- visions (given in Knight's edition). A cer- tain clumsiness always remains ; but in his earlier period he had the power of arresting simple thought with the magic of poetical inspiration. The great stimulus came from the French revolution. The sympathy which he felt with the supposed restoration of an idyllic order disappeared when it took the form of social disintegration. The growth of pauperism and the factory system, and the decay of old simple society, intensified the impression ; and some of his noblest poems are devoted to celebrating the virtues which he took to be endangered. Words- worth's love of ' nature ' is partly an expres- sion of the same feeling. He loved the mountains because they were the barriers which protected the peasant. He loved them also because they echoed his own most characteristic moods. His 'mystical' or pantheistic view of nature meant the delight of the lonely musings when he had to ' grasp a tree ' to convince himself of the reality of the world (Memoirs, ii. 280). The love of nature was therefore the other side of his ' egotism.' He hated the scientific view which substituted mere matter of fact for emotional stimulus. The truth and power of his sentiment make this the most original and most purely poetical element in his writings. He could as little rival Coleridge and Shelley in soaring above the commonplace world as Byron or Burns in uttering the passions. But in his own domain, the expression of the deep and solemn emotions of a quiet recluse among simple people and impressive scenerv, he Wordsworth Wordsworth is equally unsurpassable. Miss Fenwick says (TAYLOR, Correspondence, p. 109) that all his affections were so powerful that, had his intellect been less strong, ' they must have destroyed him long ago.' Coleridge notices his strong tendency to hypochondria (METEYARD, Group of Englishmen, p. 164). Wordsworth's solidity gave him always a certain ' alacrity in sinking ; ' and it was chiefly during the period which followed his great intellectual crisis that he achieved his highest flights. In later years he was an excellent distributor of stamps, but, except in the opinion of one or two very zealous disciples, a very inferior poet. Wordsworth, according to Haydon (Life, iii. 223), was exactly 5 feet 9£ inches in height. He was of sturdy large-boned clumsily built figure, looking like one of his respectable dalesmen. Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, and De Quincey speak of his eyes as glowing at times with remarkable fire. De Quincey says that the ' Richardson ' portrait of Nel- son was an exact likeness ; but the impres- sion is scarcely confirmed by his portraits. They show a strong bony framework, a heavy mouth, and a prominent nose, and some are more suggestive of strength than of fire. After leaving Kacedown he ^vas en- tirely without the sense of smell (SouxHEY, Life, i. 63). Professor Knight gives a list of Words- worth's portraits in ' Works,' ii. 402-31. Original portraits are: 1. Half-length, by an unknown artist at Stowey in 1797, men- tioned in Cottle's ' Early Recollections ' (i. 317) ; bought in 1887 by Mr. George, the bookseller at Bristol. 2. Drawing in black chalk by Robert Hancock [q. v.J in 1798 ; engraved in Cottle's ' Recollections ; ' now in National Portrait Gallery, London. 3. Por- trait by William Hazlitt in 1803 ; ridiculed by Southey in ' Life and Correspondence ' (ii. 238). 4. Oil painting by Richard Carruthers in 181 7 ; belonged to the Rev. Thomas Hutchinson, Mrs. Wordsworth's nephew ; engraved by Meyer, and reproduced in Tutin's ' Wordsworth Birthday Book.' 5. Pencil drawing by Edward Nash in 1818 ; bought at Southey's sale by Mrs. Joshua Stanger ; engraved for Wordsworth's ' Prose Works ' (see SOUTHEY, Life and Corresp. v. 50). 6. A crayon drawing by B. R Haydon in 1818 ; given to Wordsworth, and after- wards by his sons to Mrs. Walter Field ; engraved by Thomas Landseer in 1831. 7. A portrait by Haydon : introduced into his < Christ's Entry into Jerusalem,' exhibited in 1820, where Wordsworth appears as a reverent disciple ; the picture is now in the Jloman catholic cathedral at Cincinnati ; a dark study for the head was bought by Mr. Stephen Pearce at Haydon's sale. 8. A small half-length by Mr. William Boxall, 1831, belonging to Mr. Gordon Wordsworth, the poet's grandson ; engraved for Reed's American edition of 1844, and elsewhere. 9. Lithograph by William Wilkins ; drawn for ' Men of the Day ' about 1835 ; called by Wordsworth the 'Stamp-Distributor.' 10. Medallion in wax by W. W. Wyon, 1835. 11. Portrait by Joseph Severn [q. v.] when at Rome in 1837 ; in possession of the poet's grandson, principal of the Elphinstone Col- lege, Bombay. 12. Three-quarter length by Henry William Pickersgill [q. v.], painted for St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1832 ; copies were made by H. H. Pickersgill, the artist's son, for Mrs. Quillinan, and for the Master of Trinity. 13. Portrait by H. V. Pickersgill, painted for Sir Robert Peel in 1840 ; engraved in the ' Memoirs ; ' a replica at the National Portrait Gallery, London. 14. Miniature on ivory by Miss Margaret Gillies in 1841 for Mr. Moon, the publisher, for an engraving issued in 1841 and again in 1853 ; the original afterwards belonged to Sir Henry Doulton, and was engraved for a volume of ' Selections ' compiled by the Wordsworth Society; Miss Gillies made three copies, introducing Mrs. Wordsworth, and a profile, engraved in the ' New Spirit of the Age,' by Richard Henry Home [q. v.] 15. Portrait representing Wordsworth as- cending Helvellyn, by B. R. Haydon, 1842 ; Mrs. Browning wrote a sonnet upon this por- trait, which has been engraved. 16. An un- finished portrait by Haydon in 1846, be- longing to Mr. Francis Bennoch, representing Wordsworth seated on Helvellyn. 17. Por- trait painted in 1844 by Henry Inman, an American artist, for Professor Reed of Phila- delphia, now in America ; a replica was given to Wordsworth. 18. A miniature in water- colours by Thomas Carrick [q. v.] Two sketches of Wordsworth's head by Samuel "" belonged to Mr. J. Dykes of Wordsworth by Chan- re 1821, is at Coleorton. by Mr. Angus Fletcher, brother of Mrs. Fletcher of Lancrigg. The statue in the baptistery at Westminster Abbey is by Frederick Thrupp [q. v.], who used a plaster-cast taken from Wordsworth's face during life. A medallion in Grasmere church is by Thomas Woolner [q. v.] Dove Cottage was bought by subscription in 1891, and is held by trustees for the public. The other houses occupied by Wordsworth are still in existence. For an account of various places associated with Wordsworth see Professor Knight's ' Eng- Laurence trey, Another Wordsworth Wordsworth lish Lake District as interpreted in the Poems of Wordsworth,' 1891, and Canou Rawns- ley's ' Literary Associations of the English Lakes,' Glasgow, 1894. AVordsworth's works are: 1. 'An Even- ing Walk : an Epistle ... to a Young Lady from the Lakes of the North of England,' 1793. 2. ' Descriptive Sketches in Verse, taken during a pedestrian tour in the Italian, Grison, Swiss, and Savoyard Alps,' 1793. 3. 'Lyrical Ballads, with a few other poems,' 1798, 1 vol. 8vo (anon.) There are four ?oems by Coleridge. A reprint, edited by "rofessor Dowden, was published in 1891 ; and another, edited by Mr. T. Hutchinson, in 1898 (both with valuable notes). 4. ' Lyrical Ballads, with other poems,' 1800, 2 vols. 8vo. The first represents the volume of 1798, and is called ' second edition,' omitting ' The Convict,' by Wordsworth, including Cole- ridge's ' Love,' making some changes, and adding a ' preface ; ' reprinted in 1802 at Philadelphia, U.S. The second volume, containing new poems, is not called second edition. Another edition appeared in 1802, vol. i. called a ' third edition,' and vol. ii., to which are added the ' preface ' of 1800 and an ' appendix ' on poetic diction, ' second edition ; ' and another, in two volumes, both called ' fourth edition,' in 1805. 5. ' Poems in two volumes,' 1807, 2 vols. 8vo. 6. ' Con- cerning the Relations of Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal to each other, and to the Common Enemy at this Crisis, and spe- cifically as affected by the Convention of Cintra . . .,' 1809, 1 vol. 8vo; 2nd edit. 1820 ; new edit. 1836. 7. ' The Excursion, being a portion of the Recluse,' 1814, 4to. In the notes is the ' essay upon epitaphs,' from the ' Friend ' of 22 Feb. 1810. 8. ' The White Doe of Rylstone ; or the Fate of the Nortons,' 1815, 1 vol. 4to ; includes the ' Force of Prayer ; or the Founding of Bol- ton Abbey.' 9. ' A Letter to a Friend of Robert Burns ' (James Gray), 1816, 1 vol. 8vo. 10. ' Thanksgiving Ode, 18 Jan. 1816, with other short pieces, chiefly referring to recent events,' 1816, 1 vol. 8vo. 11. 'Two Addresses to the Freeholders of Westmore- land,' 1818, 1 vol. 8vo. 12. ' Peter Bell : a Tale in Verse,' 1819, 1 vol. 8vo (with four sonnets) ; 2nd edit. 1819. 13. ' The Wag- goner: a poem ; to which are added Sonnets,' 1819. 14. ' The River Duddon : a Series of Sonnets, Vaudracour and Julia, and other Poems, to which is annexed " A Topographi- cal Description of the Country of the Lakes . . ,'" 1820, 1 vol. 8vo. The" topographical description was first prefixed to the Rev. Joseph Wilkinson's ' Select Views in Cum- berland, &c.' (fol. 1810). A third edition (first separately published) in 1822, fourth 1823, fifth as ' A Guide through the Lakes,' with 'considerable additions,' 1835. 15. ' Me- morials of a Tour on the Continent, 1822,' 1 vol. 8vo. 16. ' Ecclesiastical Sketches,' [1822], 1 vol. 8vo. 17. 'Lines after the Death of Charles Lamb,' privately printed without title or date in 1835 or 1836. 18. ' Yarrow Revisited, and other Poems,' 1835, 1vol. 12mo; again in 1839. 19. 'The Sonnets of W. Wordsworth . . . with a few additional ones now first published,' 1838, 1 vol. 8vo. 20. ' Poems chiefly of early and late years,' including 'The Borderers,' 1842, 1 vol. 8vo ; also issued as vol. vii. to ' Poeti- cal Works ' of 1836. 21 . ' Kendal and Win- dermere Railway : Two letters reprinted from the "Morning Post," revised, with additions,' n.d. (end of 1844). 22. ' Ode on the In- stallation of H.R.H. Prince Albert as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge,' [1847], 4to. 23. 'The Prelude, or Growth of a Poet's Mind,' 1850, 1 vol. 8vo (pos- thumous). 24. The first book of the 'Recluse' was published in 1888. Collective editions during Wordsworth's life are : 1. ' Poems,' 1815, 2 vols. 8vo. It included previous publications, except the ' Excursion,' and some additional poems. There was a new preface, and at the end of vol. i. an essay, supplementary to the pre- face. The old preface and appendix are at the end of vol. ii. A third volume was made up in 1820 by binding together ' Peter Bell,' the ' River Duddon,' the ' Waggoner,' and the 'Thanksgiving Ode.' 2. 'Miscel- laneous Poems,' 1820, 4 vols. 12mo ; includes all except the ' Excursion ; ' it was repub- lished at Boston, Mass. 3. ' Poetical Works,' 1827, 5 vols. 12mo ; including the ' Excur- sion ; ' reprinted by Galignani in Paris, 1828. 4. 'Poetical Works,' 1832, 4 vols. 8vo. 5. 'Poetical Works,' 1836, 6 vols. 8vo. Moxon's stereotyped edition, reprinted 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1846, 1849. A supple- ment, containing new sonnets and some Latin translations by his son John, was added to vol. v. of 1840, and 'Poems of Early and Late Years' of 1842 was added as a seventh volume. 6. ' Poems,' 1845, 1 vol. royal 8vo ; reprinted in 1846, 1847, 1849, 1851. 7. ' Poetical Works,' 1849-50, 6 vols. 12mo. Wordsworth published a translation of part of the first book of the '^Eneid' in the 'Philological Museum ' for 1832. The chief later editions are that by Professor Knight in eight volumes octavo (1882-6), followed by his ' Life ' in 3 vols. ; edition in one volume octavo, with preface by Mr. John Morley, 1888 ; the Aldine edition in 7 vols. sm. 8vo, 1893, edited by Professor Wordsworth Worgan Dowden, and the Oxford miniature edition in 5 vols. 24mo, 1895, edited by Mr. T. Hutchinson. The text of the last two editions is remarkably correct. 'Poetical and Prose Works, together with Dorothy Wordsworth's Journals,' 1896, edited by Professor Knight. The life and letters promised for this edition have not yet been published. Miss Fenwick's notes, partly given in the ' Memoir,' were first added to the poems in a six-volume edition, published by Moxon in 1857. A volume of ' Selections ' was published with preface by J. Hine in 1831, and again in 1834. The 'Sonnets' were collected (with some addi- tions) in 1838. Other ' Selections ' are edited by F. T. Palgrave, 1865, Matthew Arnold, 1879, and by Professor Knight and other members of the Wordsworth Society, 1888. The prose works, in 3 vols. 8vo, were edited by Dr. Grosart in 1876. Professor Dowden's ' Bibliography and Chronological List ' appears in vol. vii. of his edition of ' Wordsworth's Poetical Works.' There is also a bibliography in Professor Knight's 1882-6 edition (vol. i. pp. xxxix- xlvii), and a chronological table in the same volume, revised and corrected in vol. viii. pp. 325-87. A revision of the bibliography and chronological table appears in the edition of 1896, vol. viii. Mr. J. R. Tutin contributed a bibliography to the edition of 1886, and has also published a ' Wordsworth Dictionary of Persons and Places . . .,' 1891, 8vo. For some interesting details in regard to the ' Lyrical Ballads ' see ' A Description of the Wordsworth and Coleridge Manuscripts in the possession of Mr. T. Norton Longman, edited with notes by W. Hale White,' 1897. [The Memoirs of William Wordsworth, by Christopher Wordsworth (afterwards bishop of Lincoln), his nephew, 1851, 2 vols. 8vo, gives a useful though not very full narrative. The life by Professor Knight, in 3 vols. 8vo (1889), forms the ninth, tenth, and eleventh volumes of the Poetical Works, &c., and adds a considerable number of letters and other materials. The short life by Mr. F. W. Myers in the ' Men of Letters' series is an admirable summary and criticism. See also ' William Wordsworth,' by Elizabeth Wordsworth, 1891. La jeunesse de Wordsworth, par Emile Legouis, 1896, is a singularly interesting and careful study of the early life. An English translation by J. W. Matthews appeared in 1898. William Words- worth: sein Leben, seine Werke, seine Zeit- genossen, von Marie Gothein, 1893, 2 vols., is painstaking and sympathetic. The second volume consists of translations into German. Other books of original materials are : Cottle's Early Kecollections, 1837 (republished with alterations as Reminiscences, 1847); Coleridge's Biographia Literaria ; Letters of S. T. Coleridge, 1 893 ; Letters of the Lake Poets (privately printed in 1889), pp. 329-86 for Wordsworth's letters; Memorials of Coleorton, 1887, 2 vols. edited by Professor Knight ; Mrs. Sandford's Thomas Poole, 1888, i. 225, 238, 241, 298, ii. 54, 58, 120, 269, &c. ; Lamb's Letters; Southey's Life and Letters and Select Correspondence ; Lock- hart's Life of Scott ; De Quincey's Wordsworth in ' Lake Poets ; ' Moore's Diaries; Crabb .Robinson's Diaries, passim ; Campbell's Life of Coleridge ; Clayden's Samuel Rogers and his Contemporaries, 1889, 2 vols. ^many references) ; Carlyle's Remi- niscences ; Martineau's Autobiography, 1877, ii. 234-44 ; Haydon's Correspondence and Table Talk, ii. 18-59 (letters); Tom Taylor's Life of Haydon, i. 135, 297, 325, 384, ii. 11, iii. 218, 223, 302, 305 ; Keats's Works (Buxton Forman), iii. 45, 92, 101, 107, 151-5 ; Leigh Hunt's Auto- biography, 1860, pp. 247-9; Pattison's The Brothers Wiffen, 1880, pp. 32-42 ; Life of Alaric Watts, 1884. i. 234-47, 281-8 ; Gillies's Memoirs of a Literary Veteran, 1851, ii. 137-73; Mrs. (Eliza) Fletcher's Autobiography, 1874, pp.213, &c. ; Sir Henry Taylor's Autobiography, i. 172-82, 190, 333-9, ii. 54-62 ; Yarnall's Words- worth and the Coleridges, 1899 ; Fields's Yester- days with Authors. The Wordsworth Society published eight volumes of Transactions (1880, &c.), which contain some letters and notes upon various details. A life of Dorothy Wordsworth by Ednrmnd Lee appeared in 1886. The writer has especially to thank Mr. W. Hale WThite for many suggestions and corrections."] L. S. WORGAN, JOHN (1724-1790), organist and composer, of Welsh descent, and the son of a surveyor, was born in London in 1724. He became a pupil of his brother, James Worgan (1715-1753), organist of Vauxhall Gardens, and he subsequently studied under Thomas Roseingrave [see under ROSEINGRAVE, DANIEL] and Geminiani. John Worgan speedily took a foremost place as a skilful organist. In succession to his brother ' James he was organist at St. Mary Under- i shaft with St. Mary Axe, about 1749, at Vauxhall Gardens, 1751 to 1774, and at St. : Botolph, Aldgate, in 1753. He subsequently • became organist of St. John's Chapel, Bed- ford Row, in 1760 ; and, in succession to his brother, he held the post of ' composer' to Vauxhall Gardens from 1753 to 1761, and again from 1770 to 1774. He took the degree of bachelor in music at Cambridge in 1748, and the doctorate in 1775. He died at 22 (now 65) Gower Street on 24 Aug. 1790, and was buried in St. Andrew Undershaft on 31 Aug., when Charles Wesley ( 1 757-1 834) [q.v.] , one of his favourite pupils, presided at the organ. Four interesting tributes are extant to the remarkable powers of Worgan as an or- ganist, whose performances always attracted great crowds of both professors and amateurs. Worlidge Worlidge Handel said : ' Mr. Worgan shall sit by me; he plays my music very well at Vauxhall.' Richard Cecil [q.v.] wrote : ' Admiration and feeling are very distinct from each other. Some music and oratory enchant and astonish, out they speak not to the heart. . . . Dr. Worgan has so touched the organ at St. John s that I have been turning backward and forward over the prayer-book for the first lesson in Isaiah and wondered that I could not find Isaiah there!' Martin Madan (1726-1790) [q.v.], in a satirical song upon Joah Bates [q.v.], issued anonymously, and set to music by Samuel Wesley (1766-1837) [q. v.], entitled ' The Organ laid open, &c.,' placed him as a player upon an equality with Ilandei : Let Handel or Worgan go thresh at the organ. Burney refers to him as ' a very masterly and learned fuguist on the organ.' As a composer Worgan was not great. His compositions, now forgotten, include two oratorios : ' Hannah ' (King's Theatre, Haymarket, 3 April 1 764) and ' Manasseh ' (Lock Hospital Chapel, 30 April 1766) ; ' We will rejoice in Thy salvation,' a thanksgiving anthem for victories (29 Nov. 1759); many songs for Vauxhall Gardens, of which thirteen books (at least) were published ; psalm- tunes, glees, organ music, and sonatas and other pieces for the harpsichord. Some of his manuscripts are in British Museum Addit. MSS. 31670, 31093, 34009, and 35038. Worgan is persistently credited with having composed the Easter hymn. As a matter of fact the tune appeared (anony- mously) in ' Lyra Davidica ' (1708) sixteen years before Worgan was born. [Quarterly Musical Magazine and Review, v. 113 (a very full memoir); Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, iv. 486 ; biographical preface to Rev. Henry Parr's Church of England Psalmody ; Barney's Hist, of Music, iv. 665 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Musical Times, August 1888, p. 490, for a reference to Worgan's grandcon, George Worgan.] F. G-. E. WORLIDGE or WOOLRIDGE, JOHN {.#. 1669-1698), agricultural writer, who re- sided at Petersfield, Hampshire, is of interest in the history of agricultural literature as the compiler of the first systematic treatise on husbandry on a large and comprehensive scale. He was a correspondent of John Houghton [q.v.], who gives in his ' Letters' (1681) two contributions by 'the ingenious Mr. John Worlidge of Petersfield in Hamp- shire,' on ' a great improvement of land by parsley,' and on ' improving and fyning of Syder.' Worlidge's ' Systema Agricultu-ae, or the Mystery of Husbandry discovered ... by J. W., Gent.,' first published in 1669, went through a number of editions (1675, 1681, 1687, 1716) before it was supplanted in popular favour by the numerous agricultural reference books which are a feature of the eighteenth century. He appears to have carefully studied the writings of his pre- decessors, Fitzherbert, Sir Richard Wes- ton, Robert Child, Walter Blith, Gabriel Plattes, Sir Hugh Plat [q.v.], and the anony- mous writers whose works were published by Samuel Hartlib [q.v.] Worlidge's system of husbandry may be regarded as gathering into a focus the scattered information pub- lished during the period of the Common- wealth. Besides the ' Systema Agricultures,' Wor- lidge wrote (mostly under the initials of ' J. W., Gent.') the following: 1. ' Yinetum Britannicum, or a Treatise of Cider,' 1676; 2nd edit. 1678 ; 3rd edit. 1691, dedicated to Elias Ashmole. 2. 'Apiarium, or a Dis- course of Bees,' 1676. 3. ' Systema Horti- culture, or the Art of Gardening,' 1677. 4. ' The most easie Method of Making the best Cyder,' 1687. 5. 'The Complete Bee Master ' (a revised edition of No. 2), 1698. [Houghton's Letters, 1681, pp. 136, 163; Cuthbert Johnson's Farmer's Cyclopaedia, p. 1311 ; Worlidge's works cited above; Brit. Mus. s.v. 'J. W., Gent.'] E. C-E. WORLIDGE, THOMAS (1700-1766), painter and etcher, born at Peterborough of Roman catholic parents in 1700, studied art in London as a pupil of a Genoese refugee, Alessandro Maria Grimaldi (1659-1732) (HuBER and MARTIN, Manuel des Curieux et des Amateurs de I'Art, 1808, ix. 132). He painted portraits of his master Grimaldi and his master's wife about 1720. He married Grimaldi's daughter, and long re- mained on intimate terms with Alexander Grimaldi, his master's son. Subsequently he received instruction from Louis Peter Boitard [q. v.] About 1736 Worlidge and the younger Grimaldi are said to have visited Birmingham, where Worlidge reintro- duced the art of painting on glass. For a time, too, he seems to have practised portrait- painting at Bath. About 1740 Worlidge settled in London in the neighbourhood of Covent Garden, where he remained for the rest of his life. At one time Worlidge's address was ' at the Piazza, Covent Garden.' He afterwards resided in Bedford Street and King Street in the same neighbourhood. Though his portraits in oil and pastel enjoyed some vogue, his first reputation was made by his miniature portraits. In middle life his Worlidge Worlidge most popular work consisted of heads in blacklead pencil, for which he charged two guineas apiece. Numerous leaders of fashionable society employed him to make drawings of the kind. Finally he concen- trated his energies on etching in the style of Rembrandt. He used a dry-needle with triangular point. He copied some of Rem- brandt's prints, among them the artist's por- trait of himself and the hundred-guelder plate. The copies are said to have been sometimes mistaken for the originals. An etching after Rembrandt's portrait of Sir John Astley was described by Walpole as "Worlidge's ' best piece.' One of Worlidge's most popular plates, although it was not of great artistic value, depicted the installation of the Earl of West- morland as chancellor of the university at the theatre at Oxford in 1761. Worlidge re- presents himself in the gallery on the right in the act of drawing the scene with his (second) wife beside him. In the correspond- ing placeon the left-hand side of the plate is a portrait of his brother-in-law, Alexander Gri- maldi. Most of the numerous heads and figures are portraits. A plate of the bust of Cicero at Oxford (known as the Pomfret bust) also enjoyed a wide vogue. In April 1754 Worlidge caused a large collection of his works to be sold by public auction. The printed catalogue bore the title, ' A Collection of Pictures painted by Mr. Worlidge of Covent Garden, consist- ing of Histories, Heads, Landscapes, and Dead Game, and also some Drawings.' The highest price fetched was 51. 15s. 6d., which was given for a 'fine head ' after Rembrandt. In 1763 he settled in Great Queen Street in a large house built by Inigo Jones. It adjoined the present site of the Freemasons' Tavern. The previous occupiers included Sir Godfrey Kneller and Sir Joshua Reynolds. In his last years he spent much of his leisure in a country house situated in Messrs. Ken- nedy & Leigh's ' nursery-ground ' at Ham- mersmith. There he died on 23 Sept. 1766, and was buried in Hammersmith church. A plain marble slab, inscribed with verses by Dr. William Kenrick [q.v.], was placed on the wall of the church ; it is now at the east end of the south aisle. More than six- teen hundred prints and more than thirteen hundred drawings by Worlidge were sold by Langford in March 1767 by order of his widow and executrix. Worlidge's last work was a series of 182 etchings of gems from the antique (three are in duplicate). The series was published in parts, some of which seem to have been issued as early as 1754 ; but Worlidge died before the work was completed. It was finished by his pupils William Grimaldi [q. v.] and George Powle, and, being printed on satin, was published by his widow in 1768 at the price of eighteen guineas a copy. In its ori- ginal shape the volume bore the title, ' A select Collection of Drawings from curious antique Gems, most of them in the pos- session of the Nobility and Gentry of this Kingdom, etched after the manner of Rem- brandt by T. Worlidge, printed by Dryden Leach for M. Worlidge, Great Queen Street, Lincolns Inn Fields; and M. Wicksteed, Seal-engraver at Bath, MD.CCLXVIII ' (8vo). The frontispiece, dated in 1754, shows Worlidge drawing the Pomfret bust of Cicero ; behind on an easel is a por- trait of his second wife, Mary. No letterpress was included originally in the volume, but between 1768 and 1780 a few copies were issued with letterpress. After 1780 a new edition in quarto, deceptively bearing the original date of 1768, appeared with letterpress in two volumes at five guineas each. The title-page omits men- tion of ' M. Wicksteed's ' name, but is other- wise a replica of the first. Some of the old copper plates (108 in all) were reproduced in ' Antique Gems, etched by T. Worlidge on Copper Plates, in the Possession of Sheffield Grace, Esq.,' London, 1823, 4to (privately printed). Charles William King in his ' An- tique Gems' (1872, i. 469) says that Wor- lidge's plates, though displaying incredible labour, are often inferior to those of Spils- bury in catching the spirit of the originals, and the descriptions placed below contain ridiculous misnomers. As with most of the connoisseurs of his day, Worlidge's taste was not sufficiently educated to enable him to distinguish a genuine from a spurious an- tique. Worlidge, who is said to have been hand- some in youth, was extremely corpulent in later life. He was hot-tempered, habitually employing strong language, gluttonous, and often drunk ; on one occasion a drunken de- bauch in which he took a prominent part lasted three whole days and nights. Care- less in dress, he was recklessly extravagant in money matters. Latterly he was a martyr to the gout. Worlidge was thrice married : first, to Arabella (b. 1709), daughter of Alessandro Grimaldi (d. 1732) ; she died before 1749. The name of his second wife was Mary. He married in 1763 his third wife, Elizabeth Wicksteed, a young woman of great personal attractions, daughter of a toyman of Bath, and apparently sister of a well-known seal- engraver there. She assisted Worlidge in his Wormald artistic work, and gained a reputation for herself by her skill in copying paintings in needlework. After Worlidge's death she carried on the sale of his etchings at his house in Great Queen Street ; but she let the mansion to Mrs. Darby and her daughter, Mary Robinson ('Perdita') [q. v.], on her marriage to a wine and spirit merchant named Ashley, who had been one of Wor- lidge's intimate friends. Worlidge is said to have had thirty-two children by his three marriages, but only Thomas, a son by his third wife, survived him. This son married, in 1787, Phoebe, daughter of Alexander Grimaldi (1714-1800) ; she was buried in Bunhill Fields on 14 Jan. 1829. Her hus- band migrated to the West Indies in 1792. In March 1826 he was again in London, and while employed as compositor in the office of the ' Morning Advertiser ' was sent to pri- son for an assault. His father drew a portrait of him, which bore the title 'A Boy's Head.' Worlidge drew a pencil portrait of him- self, which is reproduced in Walpole's ' Anecdotes ' (ed. Wornum). Many examples of Worlidge's drawings and etchings are in the British Museum print-room. There is also there a priced catalogue of a selection of his etchings. [Notes supplied by the Rev. A. B. Grimaldi ; Stacey Grimaldi's Miscellaneous Writings, ed. A. B. Grimaldi, 1884, iv. 638; Wp.lpole's Anecdotes of Painting, ed. Wornum, ii. .334 sq., \vith portrait; Gent. Mag. 1766; Fuseli's Anecdotes ; Strutt's Diet, of Engravers ; Bryan's Diet, of Artists.] WORMALD, THOMAS (1802-1873), surgeon, born at Pentonville in January 1802, was son of John Wormald, a partner in Messrs. Child's bank, and of Fanny, his wife. He was educated at the grammar school of Batley in Yorkshire, and after- wards by W. Heald, vicar of Birstal. He returned to London in 1818, and was then apprenticed to John Abernethy [q. v.], the surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital."* His master soon employed him to make prepara- tions for his lectures, to teach the junior stu- dents, and to assist Edward Stanley (1793- 1862) [q. v.], the demonstrator of anatomy in the medical school, in preserving speci- mens for the Pathological Museum. Yet Wormald found time during his apprentice- ship to visit the continental schools. He was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1824, and Abernethy, who was at this time con- templating the resignation of his lectureship upon anatomy, made arrangements for VVonnald to become the demonstrator of 30 anatomy in place of Stanley, who was to be promoted to the lectureship. But when the time arrived for making the appointment Frederic Carpenter Skey [q. v.] was elected demonstrator, and in October 1824 Wormald was nominated house-surgeon to (Sir) Wil- liam Lawrence [q. v.], then newly appointed surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1826 Wormald was appointed jointly with Skey to give the anatomical demonstrations, and in 1828, when Skey temporarily left the hospital to join the Aldersgate Street school of medicine, Wormald continued to act as sole demonstrator, a position he held for fifteen years. He was elected assistant sur- j geon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital on 13 Feb. 1838, but it was not until 3 April 1861 that he became full surgeon to the charity. Five years later, on 9 April 1867, he had reached the age of sixty-five, at which the hospital re- gulations compelled him to resign office. He was appointed consulting surgeon, and re- tired to his country house in Hertfordshire. At the Foundling Hospital he was sur- geon from 1843 to 1864, and his services were so highly appreciated that he was chosen a governor in 1847. At the Royal College of Surgeons of England Wormald held all the important offices. Elected a fellow in 1843, he was a member of the council, 1849-67 ; Hunterian orator in 1857, examiner 1858-68, and chairman of the midwifery board in 1864. He was a vice- president in 1863-4, and he was elected presi- dent in 1865. He died at Gomersal in Yorkshire, during a visit, on 28 Dec. 1873, and is buried in Highgate cemetery. He married Frances Meacock in September 1828, and by her had eight children. Wormald was the last of the apprentices of John Abernethy, and at his death the last link was snapped which connected St. Bar- tholomew's Hospital with Hunterian sur- gery. As a teacher of surgical anatomy Wormald has seldom been surpassed ; as a surgeon he was a perfect assistant, while his mechanical genius enabled him to excel in the manipulative parts of his art. His sur- gical teaching was strictly clinical. He was a pertinent and ready public speaker. Wormald published (with A. M. McWhin- nie) ' A Series of Anatomical Sketches and Diagrams with Descriptions and References,' London, 1838, 4to ; reissued in 1843. These sketches form one of the best series of ana- tomical plates issued for the use of students. They are true to nature and are not over- loaded with detail. [Memoir by Luther Holden. esq., P.R.C.S. Engl., in the St. Bartholomew's Hospital Ee- Wornum Wornum ports, 1874, vol. x. ; additional facts kindly given by the late P. H. Wormald, esq., and by Eobert Grey, esq., treasurer of the Foundling Hospital.] D'A. P. WORNUM, RALPH NICHOLSON (1812-1877), art critic and keeper of the National Gallery, the son of Robert Wor- num (1780-1852), a well-known pianoforte maker of Store Street, Bedford Square, and inventor of the now universally used upright action for the pianoforte, was born at Thorn- ton, near Norham, North Durham, on 29 Dec. 1812. Having studied at the London Uni- versity (University College) in 1832. he was to have read for the bar, but he soon aban- doned the law, attended the studio of Henry Sass [q. v.], and in 1834 Avent abroad, spend- ing six years in familiarising himself with the galleries of Munich, Dresden, Rome, Florence, and Paris. At the close of 1839 he settled in London as a portrait-painter, but does not ap- pear to have exhibited at the Royal Academy, though he was honourably mentioned in the Westminster Hall cartoon competition of 1840. In 1840 and onwards he contributed to the ' Penny Cyclopaedia,' and in 1841 to Smith's 'Dictionary of Greek and Roman An- tiquities' (to which he furnished the valuable article ' Pictura'), while he also wrote for the abortive 'Biographical Dictionary 'of the So- ciety for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. In 1846 he began working for the 'Art Journal,' and, having drawn attention to the shortcomings of the National Gallery cata- logues then in circulation, he was authorised by Sir Robert Peel to compile an official cata- logue. This appeared in 1847, and served as ' a model for similar publications throughout Europe.' In 1848 Wornum was appointed lecturer on art to the government schools of design, and in this capacity delivered lectures in the chief towns of England, besides issuing an enlightened ' Essay upon the Schools of Design in France.' In 1851 he was awarded the prize of a hundred guineas offered by the ' Art Journal' for the best essay on ' The Exhibition of 1851 as a Lesson in Taste.' Next year he was appointed librarian and keeper of casts to the schools of design, then under the direction of the board of trade. In December 1854 he was chosen as successor to General Thwaites as keeper of the Na- tional Gallery and secretary to the trustees, upon the recommendation of Sir Charles Eastlake (see Athen&um, 30 Dec. 1854 and 6 Jan. 1855). The appointment of Wornum was taken as an augury of reform in the administration of the National Gallery. Hitherto the office had been little more than a sinecure, and had been held at the small salary of 150/. a year with residence. The duties were few, being mainly clerical. Wor- num's ' whole time and knowledge were now secured for the public,' and the salary raised to 800/. a year (see Gent. Mag. 1855, i. 168). Eastlake himself was appointed di- rector of the gallery in March 1855, and in the following July were issued treasury minutes entirely reconstituting the admini- stration of this branch of the public service. In the same year (1855) Wornum edited and practically rewrote a ' Biographical Cata- logue of the Principal Italian Painters,' ' by a lady ' (Maria Farquhar), while in 1856 he contributed the ' Lives' of native artists to Creasy 's ' British Empire ' (London, 8vo). In 1 860-1 Wornum was chiefly instrumental in getting the Turner collections, which had been banished first to Marlborough House, and then to South Kensington (1856-60), restored to their place in the National Gallery, in accordance with the terms of the artist's bequest. During 1861 he edited, in a sumptuous folio, with a ' sensible and judi- cious ' memoir and notes, ' The Turner Gal- lery,' forming a series of sixty engravings. Thornbury, in his 'Life of Turner7 (1862), passed some disparaging remarks upon Wor- num ; his justification iu adopting this tone was warmly combated in an able article in the ' Quarterly ' (April 1862), in which Wor- num's work was commended. In the intro- duction to the ' Turner Gallery ' Wornum pleaded eloquently for an enlargement of the Trafalgar Square galleries, which were quite inadequate to contain the 725 pictures then belonging to the nation. He also deprecated the separation of the pictures by native from those by foreign artists. The best of Wor- num's energies were devoted to the improve- ment and development of the National Gal- lery. He died at his residence, 20 Belsize Square, South Hampstead, on 15 Dec. 1877, leaving a widow and a large family. Wornum's chief separate publications were : 1. ' The Epochs of Painting : a biographical and critical Essay on Painting and Painters of all Times and many Places,' London, 1847, 12mo ; enlarged, 1859 and 1864. This was dedicated by Wornum to the memory of his father. Appended to the later editions is ' a table of the contributions of some of the more eminent painters to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy.' This was largely adopted as a text-book for art school exami- nations. 2. ' Analysis of Ornament : the Characteristics of Style and Introduction to the Study of the History of Ornamental Art,' London, 1856 ; 8th edit. 1893. 3. ' Some Account of the Life and Works of Hans Holbein, Painter, of Augsburg, with nume- rous illustrations,' 1867, large 8vo. Ap- Worsdale 32 Worsley pended to this excellent biographical anc critical work (dedicated ' To my friend, John liuskin ') is a valuable catalogue of portraits and drawings by Holbein at Windsor 4. ' Saul of Tarsus ; or Paul and Sweden- borg. By a Layman,' London, 1877, 8vo Wornum had been a member of the New Church, though as a ' non-separatist ' he re- mained in communion with the church oi England. In this book he expressed very strongly the notion of conflict between the teaching of Christ and the theology of St. Paul. In addition to the above works Wornum edited ' Lectures on Painting' [by Barry, Opie, and Fuseli], 1848, 8vo, for the ' Bohn' Library; Walpole's 'Anecdotes of Painting in England,' with copious notes and emenda- tions, London, 1849, 3 vols. (a revised edi- tion of this, which appeared in 1888, is now the standard) ; ' The National Gallery; ' a se- lection of pictures by the old masters, photo- graphed by L. Caldesi (with annotations), London, 1868-73, fol. ; ' Etchings from the National Gallery,' 18 plates, with notes, two series, 1876-8, fol. [Gent. Mag. J852 ii. 549; Times, 18 and 19 Dec. 1877 ; Art Journal, 1878, p. 75; Athe- naeum, 1877, ii. 823 ; English Cyclopaedia ; Men of the Reign ; Bryan's Diet, of Painters and En- gravers, ii. 730 ; Cat. of Eastlake Library at National Gallery.] T. S. WORSDALE, JAMES (1692 P-1767), portrait-painter, born about 1692, was the son of a poor colour-grinder. He was en- gaged as a servant to Sir Godfrey Kneller, and subsequently became his apprentice, but was dismissed for surreptitiously marry- ing Lady Kneller's niece. In later times he claimed to be a natural son of Sir Godfrey. Though possessed of little artistic ability, Worsdale obtained a considerable amount of patronage as a portrait-painter, and was appointed master-painter to the board of ordnance, his success being due mainly to his amusing conversation and clever sing- ing and acting. His portraits of Princess Louisa, Sir John Ligonier, the Duke of Devonshire, 'Beau 'Nash, and other persons of mark, were engraved by Brooks, Bock- man, and Faber. Worsdale was much associated with the stage, both in London and Dublin, and for a time belonged to a travelling company. In 1753 he acted at Drury Lane the part of Lady Pentweazle in Foote's comedy 'Taste.' He was pro- fessedly the author of a number of songs, plays, and operas, but these seem to have been chiefly the work of others— needy writers whom he exploited. Ltetitia Pil- kington [q. v.], who was one of these, de- scribes him in her ' Memoirs ' in extremely uncomplimentary terms; and Vertue asserts that he pushed himself into notoriety solely by his artful ways and ' shameless mounte- bank lies.' Worsdale died on 11 June 1767, and was buried in St. Paul's, Covent Gar- den. A portrait of him, painted by R. E. Pine, was engraved by Dickinson, with the motto 'Ridendo dicere verum.' The dra- matic works ascribed to Worsdale are : 1. 'A Cure for a Scold,' a ballad opera or farce taken from the ' Taming of the Shrew,' 1735 (acted at Drury Lane 25 Feb. 1735, and at Covent Garden 27 March and 26 April 1750). 2. ' The Assembly,' a farce in which he himself played the part of Lady Scandal. 3. 'The Queen of Spain,' 1744. 4. 'The Extravagant Justice.' 5. 'Gasconade the Great,' 1759. Of these only the first and last were printed. [Walpole's Anecdotes (Dalla'way and Wor- num) ; Vertue's collections in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 23076, f. 37 ; Memoirs of Lsetitia Pilking- ton, 1 748-54 ; Cooke's Memoirs of Samuel Foote ; Baker's Biographia Dramatica ; Chaloner Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits ; Genest's Hist. Ac- count, iii. 448.] F. M. O'D. WORSLEY, CHARLES (1622-1656), major-general, born on 24 June 1622, was the eldest son of Ralph Worsley of Platt, Manchester, by Isabel, daughter of Edward Massey of Manchester, and widow of Alex- ander Ford of Wigan (BOOKER, Ancient Chapel of Birch, p. 25 ; Court Leet Records of Manchester, iv. 117). Worsley was a cap- tain in some regiment of Lancashire parlia- mentarians in 1644, but his early military ser- vices are not recorded (BOOKER, p. 39). On 21 June 1650 parliament voted that a regi- ment of foot should be raised in Lancashire for Cromwell under such officers as he should be pleased to appoint. Of this regiment Worsley became lieutenant-colonel (Com- mons' Journals, iv. 428 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1650, p. 308). He joined Cromwell's army with it at Edinburgh on 12 Sept. 1650, just after the battle of Dunbar (BOOKER, p. 37). In August 1651, when Cromwell re- turned to England in pursuit of Charles Ir WTorsley was sent into Lancashire to assist Colonel Robert Lilburne against James Stan- ley, seventh earl of Derby [q. v.], but arrived :oo late to take part in the victory at Wigan (CART, Memorials of the Civil War, i. 339, 343 ; Life of Captain John Hodgson. L882, p. 47). Worsley was not at the tattle of Worcester, but the regiment was employed under Colonel Duckenfield in the reduction of the Isle of Man. At the lose of 1652 the regiment was stationed Worsley 33 Worsley in London, being quartered at St. James's (Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1651-2 p. 352, 1652-3 p. 460). Worsley commanded the detachment of it which Cromwell employed in the expulsion of the Long parliament (20 April 1653), helped Colonel Harrison to put Algernon Sidney [q. v.] out of the house, and took the mace into his own charge (BLENCOWE, Sydney Papers, p. 140; Commons1 Journals, vii. 282). In 1654 Worsley was elected the first member for Manchester (BOOKER, p. 41). In October 1655 he was appointed one of the major- generals instituted by the Protector, having Lancashire, Cheshire, and Staffordshire as his province (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1655, pp. 275, 378). Worsley was extremely zealous in carrying out his instructions. ' The sense of the work, and my unworthiness and insufficiency as to the right manage- ment of it, is my only present discourage- ment,' he wrote to Thurloe ; and in another letter he professed to observe ' a visible hand of God going along with us in this work ' (THURLOE, State Papers, iv. 149, 340). No one suppressed more alehouses or was more active in sequestering royalists, preventing horse-races, and carrying on the work of re- formation. Worsley died at St. James's on 12 June 1656, having been summoned to London to take part in a meeting of the major-generals. He was buried the next day with great pomp in Henry VII's chapel in Westminster Abbey. His name does not appear in the list of burials in the abbey register, and, thanks to this omission or to some other accident, his body was not disinterred at the Restoration. During a search for the body of James I the corpse of a tall man was found in Henry VII's chapel, which Dean Stanley believed to be that of Worsley (Public Intelligencer, 9-16 June 1656; CHESTER, Westminster Registers,^, x, 521 ; STANLEY, Westminster Abbey, 3rd ed. pp. 674-7). Thurloe describes Worsley as ' a very great loss ' both to the Protector and the nation, he ' having been a most trusty and diligent man ' (State Payers, v. 122). A portrait now at Platt Hall, is engraved in Booker's 'History of the Ancient Chapel of Birch.' Worsley was twice married : first, on 18 Sept. 1644, to Mary, daughter of John Booth of Manchester (she died on 1 April 1649) ; secondly, on 6 Oct. 1652, to Dorothy, daughter of Roger Kenyon of Park Head, Whalley. By his first marriage he had a son Ralph and two daughters ; by his second marriage a son Charles, born 9 July 1653, and two other children who died young (BOOKER, pp. 35, 38, 49). TOL. LXHI. In recognition of Worsley's services the council of state ordered a lease of lands worth 1001. per annum to be settled on his family, and a year's salary as major-general, being 66G/. 13s. 4rf., to be paid to the widow (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1656-7, pp. 28,97, 171, 199, 226, 266). In 1659 his widow married Lieutenant-colonel Waldine Lagoe of Manchester, and some of her letters are among Lord Kenyon's manuscripts (Hist. MSS. Comm. 14th Rep. pt. iv.) [Lives of Worsley are contained in Booker's History of the Ancient Chapel of Birch, 1859 (Chetham Soc. vol. xlvii.), and in Espinasse's Lancashire Worthies, 1874, i. 96-114. About thirty of his letters are printed in Thurloe's State Papers, vols. iv-v.] C. H. F. WORSLEY, EDWARD (1605-1676), Jesuit, born in Lancashire in 1605, is said to have been an Oxford student and a pro- testant minister, but his name does not occur in the records of that university. He en- tered the Society of Jesus on 7 Sept. 1626. Having repeated his studies at the college of Liege, he was made professor of philo- sophy, logic, and sacred scripture. He was professed of the four vows on 29 Sept. 1641, and in 1655 he was a missioner in London. He was declared rector of the college at Liege on 31 Oct. 1658. In 1662 he was acting as English procurator and missioner at the Pro- fessed House, Antwerp, where he died on 2 Sept. 1676, aged seventy-one. He was ' regarded both by his own community and by externs as an oracle alike of talent, in- dustry, learning, and prudence' (FoLEY, Re- cords, iv. 597). Subjoined is a list of his works, which were all published under the initials ' E. W.' 1. ' Truth will out ; or a Discouery of some Untruths, smoothly told by Dr. Jeremy Taylor in his Dissuasiue from Popery; with an Answer to such Arguments as deserve Answer,' 1665, 4to. 2. ' Protestancy with- out Principles; or Sectaries unhappy Fall from Infallibility to Fancy,' Antwerp, 1668, 4to. At the end are ' A few Notes upon Mr. Poole's Appendix against Captain Everard' [see POOLE, MATTHEW]. The book is in reply to Matthew Poole's ' Nullity of the Romish Faith ' and Bishop Stillingfleet's 'Account of the Protestant Religion.' 3. ' Reason and Re- ligion; orthe certain Rule of Faith, where the Infallibility of the Roman Catholick Church is asserted against Atheists, Heathens, Jewes, Turks, and all Sectaries. With a refutation of Mr. Stillingfleet's many gross errors,' Antwerp, 1672, 4to. 4. 'The Infallibility of the Roman Catholick Church and her Miracles defended against Dr. Stillingfleets D 34 Worsley Cavils,' Antwerp, 1674, 2 vols. 8vo. In the second volume the author maintains the truth of the miraculous translation of the house of Loreto. f>. ' A Discovrse of Miracles •wrought in the Roman Catholick Chvrch, or a full Refutation of Dr. Stillingfleets unjust Exceptions against Miracles,' Antwerp, 1676, 8vo. 6. ' Anti-Goliath, or an Epistle to Mr. [ Daniel] Brevint, containing some Reflections upon his Saul and Samuel at Endor,' 1678, 8vo, pp. 59 : a posthumous work. [De Backer's Bibl. de la Compagnie de Jesus; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 314; Florus Anglo- Bavaricus, p. 53 ; Wood's Athenae, ii. 403 ; Foley's Records, vii.863 : Jones's Popery Tracts, pp. 219, 221, 251. 380,485; Oliver's Jesuit Col- lections, p. 227 ; Southwell's Bibl. Soc. Jesu, p. 186.] T. C. WORSLEY, SIR HENRY (1768-1841), major-general, born on 20 Jan. 1768 at Appuldurcomb in the Isle of Wight, -was the second son of Francis Worsley, rector of Chale in the Isle of Wight, by his wife Anne, daughter of Henry Roberts of Standen in the same island. In June 1780 he embarked for Bengal as an infantry cadet, and in January 1781 he landed in Madras to take part in the defence of Fort St. George, which was be- sieged by Haidar Ali. Arriving in Bengal in April, he was promoted ensign and lieu- tenant in the course of the year, and joined the 2nd European regiment at Cawnpur. In 1782 he served with the 30th regiment of sepoys in reducing Chait Singh's forts in the neighbourhood of Benares. In the fol- lowing year he was appointed adjutant, and served with the 1st battalion of his regiment against insurgents in the Kaimur Hills. In 1785 the regiment was disbanded in conse- quence of tlie general peace, and Worsley was appointed to the 8th regiment of sepoys. Early in 1789 he embarked with a detach- ment of volunteer sepoys for service in Sumatra. On their return in December the officers and men were honoured with the special approbation and thanks of Lord Cornwallis. Towards the close of 1791 Worsley volun- teered for service in the Mysore war, and was appointed to the 7th battalion of Bengal sepoys. He took part with the centre column in the night attack on Tipii's fortified camp under the walls of Seringapatam on 6 Feb. 1792, and in the subsequent operations against that town. In the following year he was re- appointed to the 32nd battalion, and by the regulations of 1796-7 he was posted to the 1st native infantry, receiving the brevet rank of captain. During a visit to Europe he was promoted captain-lieutenant and captain on 1 Xov. 1798, and was posted as captain to the 15th native infantry, which he joined in 1801. At the close of the year and during 1802 he was employed in command of part of the first battalion in tranquillising,the dis- tricts ceded by the nawab of Oudh. On 4 Sept. 1803 he fought at Aligarh, and on 11 Sept. he commanded his battalion at the battle of Delhi. On 10 Oct. he again com- manded his battalion in the attack made on the enemy's infantry and guns under the walls of Agra, when he received the thanks of the commander-in-chief, Lord Lake, in general orders. He also led it at the battle of Laswari on 1 Nov. In 1804 he joined the 21st native infantry, and on 21 Sept. was promoted to a majority. In command of a detachment he cleared the Doab of Holkar's troops, which had overrun it after Monson's reverse [see MONSON, WILLIAM], and oc- cupied the city of Muttra, where he was employed in protecting the communication of Lake's army. Without scientific assist- ance he constructed a bridge of boats over the Jumna at Muttra, which proved of great use to the English force. Lake highly appreciated Worsley's services, and obtained for him the post of deputy adjutant-general. Early in 1806 he succeeded to the office of adjutant-general with the official rank of lieutenant-colonel. On 29 Xov. 1809 he attained the regimental rank of lieutenant- colonel, but in the beginning of 1810 ill- health compelled him to resign his office, and in 1811 he proceeded to Europe on fur- lough. In 1813 he accepted the post of principal private secretary to the governor- general, Francis Rawdon Hastings, second earl of Moira (and afterwards Marquis of Hastings) [q. v.] His health compelled him to resign this post almost immediately; but in 1818 he returned to India, and Moira at once appointed him military secretary. In a few months he was obliged to resign from the same cause as before, and joined his corps in the vain hope of restoring his health by active service. In 1819 he returned finally to Europe. On 12 Aug. he attained the brevet rank of colonel, and in August 1822 the rank of colonel with the command of a regiment. Worsley became major-general on 24 Aug. 1830. On 4 June 1815 he was nominated a C.B., on 26 Sept. 1821 K.C.B., and on 16 Feb. 1838 G.C.B. He died at Shide in the Isle of Wight on 19 Jan. 1841, and was buried at Chale. He married Sarah Hastings, and had one daughter, Elizabeth. Worsley has frequently been confounded with HENRY WORSLEY (1783-1820), lieu- tenant-colonel, born February 1783, who was the third son of James Worsley (1748- 1798), rector of Gatcombe in the Isle of Worsley 35 Worsley Wight, by his wife, Ann Hayles. In the autumn of 1799 he obtained an ensigncy in the 6th foot, and accompanied the expedition to Holland under the Duke of York. In 1800 he received a lieutenancy in the 52nd foot. In 1802 the 2nd battalion of that regiment became the 96th foot, to which Worsley was posted. In 1804 he obtained a company, and in 1805 went to America with Sir Eyre Coote (1762-1824?) [q.v.] In 1809 he joined the 85th regiment and took part in the ex- pedition to the Scheldt under John Pitt, second earl of Chatham [q.v.] In 1811 he proceeded to the Peninsula, and was present at the battle of Fuentes d'Onor and the siege of Badajoz. Shortly afterwards he was promoted to a majority in the 4th garrison battalion, then at Guernsey, but, obtaining his removal to the 34th regiment in 1812, he returned to Spain and served in the ad- vance on Madrid and the retreat from Sala- manca. After the battle of Vittoria in 1813 he . was recommended for promotion, received the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and served in the conflicts in the Pyrenees, gaining the thanks of Lord Hill. In 181G he proceeded to India, but was forced shortly afterwards by ill- health to return to Europe. He was ap- pointed captain of Yarmouth Castle in the Isle of Wight and a companion of the Bath. He died, unmarried, at Newport in the Isle of Wight on 13 May 1820, and was buried at Kingston (Gent. Mag. 1823, i. 569. Ac- counts of his services, confused with those of Sir Henry Worsley, appear in Gent. Mag. 1841, i. 654, Men of the Reign, and La JSio- graphie Universelle). [Information kindly given by Mr. C. Francis Worsley; East India Military Calendar, 1823-6, j. 130-0, iii. 78-9, 424-5, 470; Berry's Hamp- shire Genealogies, pp. 140, 142 ; Dodwell and Miles's Indian Army List, 1838.] E. I. C. WORSLEY, ISRAEL (1768-1836), uni- tarian minister, was born at Hertford in 1768. His grandfather, John Worsley (d. 16 Dec. 1767), was for fifty years a suc- cessful schoolmaster at Hertford, and author of grammatical tables (1736, 8vo) and of .an able translation of the Ne wTestament, pub- lished posthumously by subscription (1770, 8vo), edited by Matthew Bradshaw and the author's son, Samuel Worsley (d. 7 March 1800). His father, John Worsley, who died at High Wycombe. Buckinghamshire, in 1807 (Monthly Repository, 1808, p. 515), had continued the school at Hertford for thirty years, with less success, being too easy a lisciplinarian ; he published a Latin gram- mar (1771, 8vo). Israel Worsley entered at Daventry Academy in 1786, under Thomas Belsham [q. v.]. who made him a Unitarian. In December 1790 a committee of merchants at Dunkirk (where there was no English service) engaged Worsley as their minister, the services to be conducted with a •' Book of Common Prayer compiled for the use of the English Church at Dunkirk . . . with a Collection of Psalms,' Dunkirk, 1791, 12mo. The volume is reprinted in ' FragmentaLitur- gica' (1848, vol. vi.) by Peter Hall [q.v.j, who seems unaware that it is itself a reprint of the ' reformed ' prayer book of Theophilus Lindsey [q. v.] How long this experiment lasted is not certain. Worsley established a school at Dunkirk ; after the outbreak of the war in 1793 he made his way to England, but returned after the peace of Amiens (1802), only to be arrested on the resumption of hostilities (1803), ultimately making his escape with difficulty through Holland. From 1806 to 1813 he ministered at Lin- coln, and from 1813 to February 1831 at Plymouth, where he established a fellow- ship fund and a chapel library. He left Plymouth with his family for Paris, intend- ing a six months' stay, but was persuaded to open (in June) a place for Unitarian wor- ship (in the Rue Provence). In January 1832 he formed a French Unitarian associa- tion for circulation of tracts. The cholera of March 1832 dispersed his congregation, but he kept his chapel open till June 1833. Returning to England, he again ministered at Lincoln (1833-6). He died at Havre on 3 Sept. 1836. His son, William Worsley (1796-1881), was B.A. Glasgow 1816, studied at Manchester College 1816-19, and was Unitarian minister at Thome (1819-22), Hull (1822-25), and Gainsborough (1825- 1875). Besides sermons, tracts, and school-books, he published: 1. 'Account of the State of France . . . and the Treatment of the Eng- lish,' 1806, 8vo. 2. 'Memoir of Jacob Brettell,' Lincoln, 1810, 8vo. 3. ' Observa- tions on ... Changes in the Presbyterian Societies of England/ 1816, 8vo (valuable for Unitarian history). 4. ' Lectures on ... Nonconformity,' 1823, 12mo; 2nd edit. 1825, 12mo. 5. 'View of the American Indians . . . the Descendants of the Ten Tribes of Israel,' 1828, 12mo. [Biographical Dictionary of Living Authors, 1816, p. 399; Monthly Repository,- 1822, p. 286 ; Christian Reformer, 1833 pp. 269, 308, 369, 1836 p. 824; Murch's Hist. Presb. and Gen. Bapt. Churches in West of Engl. 1835, pp. .505, 507 ; Kenrick's Memoir of Kentish, 1854, p. 13 ; Roll of Students, Manchester College, 1868 ; Unitarian Almanac, 1882, p. 24 ; Ur wick's Non- conformity in Herts, 1883, p. 514.] A. G. D2 Worsley WORSLEY, PHILIP STANHOPE (1835-1860), poet, born at Greenwich on 12 Aug. 1835, was son of Charles Worsley (1783-1864), rector of Finchley, Middlesex, a member of the family of the Worsleys of Gatcombe, Isle of Wight. After attending the Cholmeley grammar school, Highgate, lie was admitted to a scholarship at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on 28 May 1853, and graduated B.A. and M.A. in 1861. He gained the Newdigate prize ('The Temple of Janus,' Oxford, 8vo) in 1857, and became a fellow of his college in 1863. His health interfered with the pursuit of any profession, and he devoted himself chiefly to classical and poetical studies. His version of the ' Odyssey ' in the Spenserian stanza was pub- lished in 1861 (reissued 1868 and 1877), and his translation of the first twelve books of the ' Iliad ' in the same metre in 1865. On 8 May of the following year Worsley died unmarried at Freshwater after a long illness, terminating in consumption. His patience and cheerfulness under great suffering, and the beauty of his character, are pathetically extolled by Sarah Austin in a note to the ' Athenaeum ' of 19 May 1866. Worsley's distinction as a poet is to have achieved what no one else has achieved. His Spenserian translation of the ' Odyssey ' and the first half of the ' Iliad,' regarded merely as an endeavour to make Homer speak like Spenser, leaves no room for improvement. No version diverging so widely from the form of the original can become the stan- dard version ; it was nevertheless well that the attempt should be made as a test of the power and resources of our language. In grace, skill, command of diction, and native music, Worsley is surpassed by no poet who has employed this most difficult form, pecu- liar to our language, of which the most ac- complished foreign translators are shy, and of which Shelley said, ' You must succeed or fail.' ' Worsley,' says Matthew Arnold, 'making the stanza yield to him what it never yielded to Byron, it s treasures of fl uidity and sweet ease, above all bringing to his task a truly poetical taste and skill, has produced a version of the '' Odyssey " much the most pleasing of those hitherto produced.' If he is more successful with the 'Odyssey' than with the ' Iliad,' this is because the romantic character of the former poem adapts itself better to the romantic stanza. The transla- tion of the ' Iliad ' was completed by John Conington [q. v.], and the contrast between the two moieties of the book is most instruc- ti ve. Conington was a greater scholar than \V orsley, and his command of language is re- markable ; but as a poet he was made, not born, Worsley and his mechanical stanzas entirely want 'the grandeur and the bloom ' of his predecessor. Worsley's original poems, first published in 1863 (' Poems and Translations,' London, 8vo) and reprinted in 1875. are pleasing from their elegance and polish, but deficient in originality and force. He was born to interpret others. [Sarah Austin in Athenaeum, 19 May 1866; Gent. Mag. 1866, i. 925; Fowler's Hist, of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, p. 414 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. (1715-1886) ; private informa- tion.] K. a. WORSLEY, SIR RICHARD, seventh baronet (1751-1805), antiquary and travel- ler, born on 17 March 1751, was the son of Sir Thomas Worsley, sixth bart ., of Appuldur- comb, Isle of Wight, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of John Boyle, earl of Cork and Orrery. He was educated at Winchester College, and matriculated from Corpus Christ i College, Oxford, on 9 April 1768. He suc- ceeded his father, as seventh baronet, in 1768. He became one of the clerks comp- trollers of the board of green cloth in 1777, and in 1779 clerk of the privy council. In the same year he was appointed comptroller of the king's household, and he was sworn of the privy council on 9 Feb. 1780. He was subsequently British resident at Venice, and was also governor of the Isle of Wight, and a fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries. From 1774 to 1784 he was member of parliament for Newport, Isle of Wight, and he represented Newtown, Isle of Wight, from 1790 to 1793 and from 1796 to 1802. In February 1785 Worsley left Rome for an extensive journey in the Levant, accom- panied by Willey Reveley [q. v.] as his draughtsman. He reached Athens on 9 May 1785, and stayed there with Gaspari, the French consul. From Athens he proceeded on a tour in Greece, visiting Eleusis, Megara (where he obtained for a small sum the statue of Asclepias, priestess of Artemis Orthosia), Epidaurus, JEgina, Delos, Myconos, Rhodes, Cairo, and Constantinople. In the spring of 1786 he made an excursion to Sigeum and Troy, and visited the Crimea. He returned to Rome on 4 April 1787. In his travels Worsley had brought together a remarkable collection of statues, reliefs, and gems, which he arranged at his house at Appuldurcomb. In 1798 he issued the first part (dated ' 1794 ') of the ' Museum Worsleyanum,' a sumptuous illustrated description of his col- lection. E. Q. Visconti seems to have sup- plied a great deal of material for the text. The cost of part i., exclusive of binding, Avas 2,887/. 4s. Worsley 37 Worsley Worsley died at Appuldurcomb on 8 Aug. 1805, and was succeeded in the title (which became extinct in 1825) by his fourth cousin, Henry Worsley-Holmes. He married, in September 1775, Seymour Dorothy, daughter of Sir John Fleming, bart., of Brompton Park, Middlesex, and had by her a son Ro- bert Edwin, who died before his father, and a daughter, who died unmarried. The amours of Lady Worsley with the Earl of Peter- borough (who first met her at Sadler's Wells) and with others are duly chronicled by Wai- pole (Letters, via. 135, 166), and are satirised in such publications as the ' Memoirs of Sir Finical Whimsy and his Lady ' (1782). On 21 Feb. 1782 Worsley brought an action against George M. Bissett, an officer in the J lampshire militia, claiming 20,00(W. damages for criminal conversation with his wife. The jury found for the plaintiff', but, on the ground of his connivance, awarded him only one shilling damages. Lady Worsley (who after- wards took by royal grant the name of Lady Fleming) was married a month after her husband's death to Mr. J. Louis Couchet (Gent. Mag. 1805, ii. 874). Worsley died intestate, and his estates and property devolved to his niece, Henrietta Anna Maria Charlotte, daughter of John Bridgman Simpson, who married, in 1806, Charles Anderson-Pelham, second baron Yar- borough, created (1837) Earl of Yarborough and Baron Worsley. On the sale of the Ap- puldurcomb property the collections formed by Worsley were removed to the Earl of Yar- borough's seat, Brocklesby Park, Ulceby, Lin- colnshire. The statues at Brocklesby were described by Michaelis in his ' Ancient Mar- bles,' and Mr. A. H. Smith has since printed (1897) a critical description of the whole collection. Worsley's manuscript 'Journal' of his travels is preserved at Brocklesby. Worsley's publications are: 1. ' The His- tory of the Isle of Wight,' London, 1781, 4to (Walpole, in his Letters, viii. 53, 54, speaks contemptuously of it). 2. ' Museum Wors- leyanum ; or a Collection of Antique Basso- Relievos, Bustos, Statues, and Gems ' (with portrait of Worsley and more than 150 plates), London, 1794-1803, 2 vols. fol., text in English and Italian (pt. i. issued in 1798, pt. ii. in 1802) ; 2nd edit. London (Prowett), 1824, 2 vols. sm. fol., with illustrations from the original copper-plates ; German transl. by Eberhard and Schaefer, Darmstadt, 1827-8, 4to; an edition of the Italian text, with notes by Giovanni Labus, Milan, 1834 (part of Visconti's collected works). 3. ' Catalogue raisonn6 of the principal Paintings at Ap- puldercombe ' (privately printed), 1804, 4to. [Gent. Mag. 1805, ii. 781 ; Berry's County Genealogies, ' Hants ; ' Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886; Burke's Extinct Baronetage; Mi- chaelis's Ancient Marbles in Great Britain ; Smith's Antiquities at Brocklesby Park; Don- kin's Worsley v. Bissett, 1782 ; Allibone's Diet. ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; information from Mr. Arthur Hamilton Smith.] W. W. WORSLEY, WILLIAM (1435P-1499), dean of St. Paul's, born probably about 1435, is believed to have been the son of Sir Robert Worsley of Booths in Eccles, Lancashire, and his wife Maude, daughter of Sir John Gerard of Bryn, Lancashire. His brother Robert married Margaret, niece of William and Lawrence Booth [q. v.], both of them archbishops of York, to whose influence William owed most of his prefer- ments. He was possibly educated at Cam- bridge, as no mention of him occurs in Wood ; he is usually described as 'sanctae theologize professor,' but in his epitaph is styled ' doctor of laws.' On 29 April 1449 he was collated to the prebend of Tachbrook in Lichfield Cathedral, on 30 March 1453 to Norweli Overall in Southwell, and in 1457 to South Cave in York Cathedral. These preferments were apparently conferred on him during his minority by his uncles, for it was not till 20 Sept. 1460 that he was ordained priest. On 19 May 1467 he was instituted to the rectory of Eakring, Nottinghamshire. On 28 Sept. 1476 he was admitted arch- deacon of Nottingham, and on 22 Jan. 1478-9 he was elected dean of St. Paul's in suc- cession to Thomas Winterbourne ; he re- tained with it the archdeaconry of Notting- ham and the prebend of Willesden in St. Paul's, and from 1493 to 1496 also held the archdeaconry of Taunton. Worsley held the deanery throughout the reigns of Edward V and Richard III, but in 1494 he became in- volved in the conspiracy in favour of Perkin Warbeck [q. v.] He was arrested in No- vember, confessed before a commission of oyer and terminer, and was attainted of high treason on the 14th (Rot. Parl. vi. 4896). The lay conspirators were put to death, but Worsley was saved by his order, and on 6 June 1495 he was pardoned (GAIRD- NER, Letters and Papers, ii. 375). In October following parliament passed an act (11 Henry VII, c. 52) restoring him in blood (Statutes of the Realm, ii. 619). He had retained his ecclesiastical preferments, and died in possession of them on 14 Aug. 1499, being buried in St. Paul's Cathedral ; his epitaph and a very pessimistic copy of Latin verses are printed by Weever (Funerall Monuments, p. 368 : GOTJGH, Sepulchral Mon. ii. 337 ). Fabyan describes Worsley as ' a Worth : famous doctour and precher ' (Chronicle, p. 685). His will, dated 12TFeb. 1498-9, was proved at Lambeth on 8 Nov. 1499, and at York on 27 March 1500, and is printed in ' Testamenta Eboracensia,' iv. 155-6 ; by it he left money for an obit in St. Paul's. [Authorities cited; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl. ed. Hardy, passim ; Newcourt's Reper- torium and Hennessy's Nov. Rep. Eccl. Londin. 1898; Polydore Vergil, p. 592; Bacon's Henry VII, ed. 1870, p. 339; Gairduer's Richard III, p. 352; Busch's England under the Tudors. i. 95; Archseologia, xxvii. 165; Dug- dale's St. Paul's ; Milman's St. Paul's ; Testa- ments Ebor. (Surtees Soc.) ; notes from Francis Worsley, esq.] A. F. P. WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1*25-1895), dressmaker, was the son of William Worth, a solicitor at Bourne, Lin- colnshire, who lost his property in specula- tions. Born in 1825, he was at first intended for a printer, but after a few months went to London to be apprenticed to Messrs. Swan & Edgar, linendrapers. He was chiefly employed in bookkeeping, but showed an interest in French fabrics and models. In 1846, on the expiration of his indentures, he went to Paris, and for twelve years was in the service of Gagelin, silk- mercer. A lady's train designed by him figured in the exhibition of 1855. He next, in partnership with a Swede named Bobergh, started in business as a lady's tailor. Prin- cess Metternich, wife of the Austrian am- bassador, was one of his earliest customers, and the Comtesse de Pourtales introduced him to the Empress Eugenie, to whom he submitted every novelty. Thenceforth all wealthy Paris flocked to his rooms in the Rue de la Paix, and acknowledged him as the dictator of fashions. After the war of 1870 Bobergh retired, and Worth, with the assistance of his two sons, continued a business which yielded 50,000/. a year profit, going down daily, to the end of his life, to the establishment from his house in the Rue de Berri or the villa erected by him at Suresnes. He was liberal to his staff and to French charities, but had joined the French reformed church and did not associate with the English colony. He died on 10 March 1895, and was buried at Suresnes. His widow died on 8 Aug. 1898. [Private information; Annuaire Bottin, 1859- Figaro, Sup. Litteraire, 13 April 1887; Gaulois, 11, 12, and 14 March 1895; New York Herald, Pans edit., and other Paris papersof March 1895 ; Daily Telegraph, 10 Aug. 1898.] J. G. A. WORTH, RICHARD NICHOLLS (1837- 896), miscellaneous writer and geologist, was the eldest son of Richard Worth, a s \Vorth builder of Devonport, by his wife Eliza, daugh- ter of Richard Nicholls of the same place. He was born on 19 July 1837, and appren- ticed in 1851 at the Devonport and Plymouth ' Telegraph,' becoming a member of the staff in 1858. In 1863 he joined the « Western Morning News,' remaining with it till 1865. In 1866 and the following year he lived at Newcastle- on-Tyne as edit or of the ' Nor them Daily Express,' but, finding the climate too trying, rejoined the staff of the ' Western Morning News 'in 1867. In 1877 he became ] associated with Messrs. Brendon & Son, printers and publishers, of Plymouth, receiv- ing a testimonial of plate by public subscrip- tion in Devon and Cornwall for his services as a journalist. In this business he remained till his death, though he continued to con- tribute occasionally, not only to the local press but also to ' Nature,' the ' Academy,' and other periodicals. Worth was a diligent student, and devoted all his spare time to investigating the his- | tory and geology of the west of England. j Patient and exact, dreading hasty theorising, I he was one of that indefatigable band of ! workers who have done so much for the I history, archaeology, and geology of Devon . and Cornwall. Altogether Worth published about 140 papers between 1869 and his I death, mostly historical, and in the proceed- ; ings of local societies ; some of the scientific papers appeared in the ' Quarterly Journal ' of the Geological Society of London, of which he became a fellow in 1875. Besides a series of guide-books and several smaller works, he was the author of: 1. 'History of the Town and Borough of Devonport,' Ply- mouth, 1870, 8vo. 2. ' History of Plymouth,' Plymouth, 1871, 8vo ; 2nd edit. 1873 ; 3rd edit. 1890. 3. 'The Three Towns Biblio- theca ' [for Plymouth, Devonport, and Stone- house], 1871, 8vo. 4. 'The West Country Garland, selected from the Writings of the Poets of Devon and Cornwall,' Plymouth, 1878, 8vo. He was twice president of the Plymouth Association, and in 1891 of the Devonshire Association. A true son of the west, he loved its two great counties, and no stranger interested in their history or geology ever sought Worth's help in vain. He died sud- denly at Shaugh Prior, where he was tem- porarily resident, on 3 July 1896, and was buried in the village churchyard. He mar- ried, 22 March I860, at Stoke Damerel, Devon- shire, Lydia Amelia, daughter of Richard Davies of the Dockyard, Devonport. One son and one daughter survived him. A portrait in oils, painted by Lane in 1873, is in possession of the family. Worth 39 Worthington [Obituary notice Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. 1897, Proc. Ixii; Trans. Devonshire Assoc. xxviii. (1896), p. 52; Trans. Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895-6 ; Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, ii. 907; Collectanea Cornubiensia, p. 1 295 ; information from his son, K. G. Hansford Worth, esq.] T. G. B. WORTH, WILLIAM (1677-1742), classical scholar and divine, born at Penryn, Cornwall, and baptised at St. Gluvias, its parish church, on 20 Feb. 1676-7, was the second son of William Worth, merchant of Penryn, who died there on 22 Jan. 1689-90, aged 55, by his wife Jane, daughter and coheiress of Mr. Pennalerick. He matricu- lated from Queen's College, Oxford, on 14 March 1691-2, but migrated to St. Edmund Hall, graduating B.A. on 17 Oct. 1695, and MA. on 4 July 1698. In 1702, on the nomination of Archbishop Tenison, he was elected fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, he was chaplain to the bishop of Worcester in 1705, and on 14 Dec. 1705 he was collated to the archdeaconry of Wor- cester. He proceeded B.D. in 1705 and D.D. in 1719. The value (5£.) of this archdeaconry in the king's books was greater than that of any preferment tenable with his fellowship. The warden of All Souls' College thereupon declared, on 7 Jan. 1706-7, that the fellow- ship was vacant. Worth appealed to Teni- son against the warden's action, but on 12 June 1707 renounced the appeal. Bishop William Fleetwood [q. v.] was led to pub- lish his ' Chronicon Preciosum ' on the occa- sion of this dispute. Worth retained this archdeaconry until his death in 1742, and combined with it from 17 Feb. 1715-16 the third canonry at Worcester. From 16 July 1707 to 1713 he held the rectory of Halford in Warwick- shire. On 9 April 1713 he was collated to the rectory of Alvechurch, and on 11 July following to the rectory of Northfield, both in Worcestershire, and he enjoyed both these benefices, with his canonry and arch- deaconry, until his death. He died on 7 Aug. 1742, and was buried in Worcester Cathedral on 11 Aug. His wife was a Miss Price, and their only daughter, with a for- tune of 60,000^, married on 3 March 1740, William Winsmore, mayor of Worcester in 1739-40 (Gent. Mag. 1740, p. 147). Worth edited at Oxford in 1700 ' Tatiani Oratio ad Grsecos. Hermise irrisio gentilium philosophorum,' with his own annotations and those of many previous scholars. Hearne says that ' most of the notes, with the dedi- cation and preface, were written by Dr. Mill ' ( Collections, Oxford Hist. Soc. i. 40). Worth's notes to the tract of Hermias were included in the edition by J. C. Dommerich, which was printed at Halle in 1764. He greatly assisted Browne Willis in his account of Worcester Cathedral (Survey of Cathedrals, vol. i. p. vi), and extracts from his collec- tions on Worcestershire are embodied in Nash's history of that county. Edward Dechair in his edition of the ' Legatio pro Christianis ' (1706) of Athenagoras was much indebted to Worth for various readings in manuscripts (preface to edition). A letter from Worth to Potter, afterwards arch- bishop of Canterbury, on the death of Dr. John Mill [q. v.] is in Lambeth MS. 933, art. 42, and a copy is in the British Museum Additional MS. 4292, art. 61. It is printed in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (1801, ii. 587) and in H. J. Todd's ' Brian Walton' (i. 79- 81). [Hearne's Collections, i. 43, 131, 167, 172-3, 270, 289, 307, 316, ii. 28, 65-6, 75, iv. 430; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714 ; Chambers's Worcestershire Biogr. p. 343 ; Green's Worces- ter, i. 230, 237, ii. 40, and app. p. xxix ; Martin's All Souls' Archives, pp. 320, 340-1 ; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. ii. 907, 909-10 ; Boase's Collect. Cornub. p. 1294 ; Le Neve's Fasti, iii. 76, 82.] W. P. C. WORTHINGTON, HUGH (1752-1813), Arian divine, was born at Leicester on 21 June 1752. His father, Hugh Worth- ington, son of John Worthington (d. 1757), tanner, near Stockport, was born on 11 June 1712 ; was educated at Glasgow (M.A. May 1735) ; and ministered at Leek, Staffordshire (1735-8), Newington Green (1738-41),being also librarian at Dr. Williams's Library, and Great Meeting, Leicester (1743-97). He married a daughter of Benjamin Andrews Atkinson (d. 1765), presbyterian minister (1713-42) in London, and died 29 Oct. 1797. His portrait has been engraved (Memoirs by his son in ' Protestant Dissenter's Magazine,' 1797, pp. 401, 444). Worthington, having been grounded by his father, entered Daventry Academy in 1768, under Caleb Ashworth [q. v.] On completing his course he was chosen (1773) classical tutor, but on a visit to London at Christmas he at once achieved fame as a preacher, was invited as assistant at Salters' Hall to Francis Spilsbury the younger (d. 3 March 1782), and began his ministry there on 1 Jan. 1774. His duty was that of after- noon preacher. In connection with Abra- ham Rees [q, v.], he maintained a Sunday evening lecture at Salters' Hall ; he was also one of the Tuesday morning lecturers (till 1795), and a Wednesday evening lecturer. On Spilsbury's death he was chosen pastor Worth ington Worthington (ordained 15 May 1782): on the first Sunday of the month he preached in the morning and celebrated the Lord's Supper. On other Sunday mornings he preached at Highbury Grove (1793-6) and at Hanover Street (1796-1803). In 1785 he was elected a trustee of Dr. Williams's foundations, and in 1786 he was one of a committee of nine for establishing a new college in London. He undertook the departments of classics and logic, lectur- ing from September 1786 at Dr. Williams's library, Red Cross Street, and from Septem- ber 1787 at Hackney. He resigned in the spring of 1789. Later in the year he pro- jected an association to stay the progress of Socinianistn among liberal dissenters. A three days' conference of Arian divines, in- cluding Habakkuk Crabb [q. v.], Benjamin Carpenter (1752-1816) of Stourbridge, and John Geary of Beaconsfield, was held at Chapel House, Oxfordshire. Inability to agree on the question of inspiration rendered the plan abortive (Monthly Repository, 1813, p. 571). Worthington's popularity as a preacher, sustained in London with no diminution for nearly forty years, is unexampled among liberal dissenters of any school, and was the undisguised envy of more radical thinkers. An unfriendly critic describes ' his upright posture, his piercing eye, his bold and de- cisive tone, his pointed finger, the interest he gave to what he delivered, and the entire nothingness of what he often said'(t'6. 1817, p. 91). Another describes his voice as 'hard and dry, pungent and caustic,' and says his manner was ' full of bustle,' and ' even his spectacles were not idle' (Christian Re- former, 1823, p. 29). His sermons were read, but the peroration was delivered with- out book. His last sermon was preached on 11 July 1813. He left London for Worth- ing, suffering from a pulmonary disorder which for many years had affected his health. He died at Worthing on 26 July 1813. His body was brought to his re- sidence, Northampton Square, London, and lay in state on 5 Aug. at Salters' Hall. He was buried (6 Aug.) in Bunhill Fields; the funeral service, attended by two thousand people, was conducted by Thomas Taylor (d. 23 Oct. 1831), the last person who re- membered Doddridge. Funeral sermons were preached by James Lindsay (d. 14 Feb. 1821) and Henry Lacey at Salters' Hall; John Evans (1767-1827) [q. v.], Joshua Toulmin [q. v.], Jeremiah Joyce [q. v.], and William Bengo Coll ver[q.v.], who succeeded ! him at Salters' Hall. He married (1782) < Susanna (d, March 1806), eldest daughter of , Samuel Statham, dissenting minister of Loughborough, and had two daughters, who died in infancy. Besides many separate sermons, he pub- lished: 1. 'An' Essay on the Resolution of Plane Triangles,' 1780, 8vo. 2. ' Memoir of Habakkuk Crabb,' prefixed to ' Sermons,' 1796, 8 vo. Posthumous was 3. 'Sermons . . . at Salters' Hall between 1800 and 1810,' 1822, 8vo, from the notes of Mrs. Wilkin- son of Enfield ; 2nd edit. 1823, 8vo (with additions). He had left fifteen hundred manuscript sermons, mostly in shorthand. He edited his father's 'Discourses,' 1785, 8vo, and assisted Butcher in ' The Substance of the- Holy Scriptures Methodised,' 1801 and 1813, 4to. [Funeral Sermons by Lindsay and by Evans ; Obituary by E[dmund] B[utcher] [q. v.] in Monthly Repository, 1813, p. 545; Memoir by J[eremiah] J[oyce] in Universal Magazine, 1813, ii. 150, reprinted in Monthly Repository, 1813, p. 561, also separately 1813; Memoirs by Benjamin Carpenter, 1813; Memoir by V. R. X. [John Kitcat] in Christian Moderator, 1826, p. 185; Monthly Repository, 18